Fix height for the react roadmapgst

* Add content for managing servers

* Update content/roadmaps/102-devops/content/102-managing-servers/readme.md

Co-authored-by: Kamran Ahmed <kamranahmed.se@gmail.com>

.astro/settings.json

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-	"devToolbar": {
-		"enabled": false
-	},
-	"_variables": {
-		"lastUpdateCheck": 1728296475293
-	}
-}

.astro/types.d.ts

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/// <reference types="astro/client" />

.env.example

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api.roadmap.sh
-PUBLIC_AVATAR_BASE_URL=https://dodrc8eu8m09s.cloudfront.net/avatars
-PUBLIC_EDITOR_APP_URL=https://draw.roadmap.sh

.eslintrc

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "extends": [
+    "next",
+    "next/core-web-vitals",
+    "prettier"
+  ],
+  "rules": {
+    "@next/next/no-img-element": [
+      "off"
+    ],
+    "react/display-name": [
+      "off"
+    ],
+    "react/jsx-no-target-blank": [
+      "off"
+    ]
+  }
+}

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/01-suggest-changes.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-name: "✍️ ​ ​Missing or Deprecated Roadmap Topics"
-description: Help us improve the roadmaps by suggesting changes
-labels: [topic-change]
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        Thanks for taking the time to help us improve the roadmaps with your suggestions.
-  - type: input
-    id: url
-    attributes:
-      label: Roadmap URL
-      description: Please provide the URL of the roadmap you are suggesting changes to.
-      placeholder: https://roadmap.sh
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: roadmap-suggestions
-    attributes:
-      label: Suggestions
-      description: What changes would you like to suggest?
-      placeholder: Enter your suggestions here.
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/02-bug-report.yml

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-name: "🐛 ​ ​Bug Report"
-description: Report an issue or possible bug
-labels: [bug]
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: input
-    id: url
-    attributes:
-      label: What is the URL where the issue is happening
-      placeholder: https://roadmap.sh
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: browsers
-    attributes:
-      label: What browsers are you seeing the problem on?
-      multiple: true
-      options:
-        - Firefox
-        - Chrome
-        - Safari
-        - Microsoft Edge
-        - Other
-  - type: textarea
-    id: bug-description
-    attributes:
-      label: Describe the Bug
-      description: A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: logs
-    attributes:
-      label: Output from browser console (if any)
-      description: Please copy and paste any relevant log output.
-  - type: checkboxes
-    id: will-pr
-    attributes:
-      label: Participation
-      options:
-        - label:  I am willing to submit a pull request for this issue.
-          required: false

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/03-feature-suggestion.yml

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-name: "✨ ​ ​Feature Suggestion"
-description: Is there a feature you'd like to see on Roadmap.sh? Let us know!
-labels: [feature request]
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: textarea
-    id: feature-description
-    attributes:
-      label: Feature Description
-      description: Please provide a detailed description of the feature you are suggesting and how it would help you/others.
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/04-roadmap-contribution.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-name: "🙏 ​ ​Submit a Roadmap"
-description: Help us launch a new roadmap with your expertise.
-labels: [roadmap contribution]
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        Thanks for taking the time to submit a roadmap! Please fill out the information below and we'll get back to you as soon as we can.
-  - type: input
-    id: roadmap-title
-    attributes:
-      label: What is the title of the roadmap you are submitting?
-      placeholder: e.g. Roadmap to learn Data Science
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: roadmap-description
-    attributes:
-      label: Roadmap Link
-      description: Please create the roadmap [using our roadmap editor](https://twitter.com/kamrify/status/1708293162693767426) and submit the roadmap link.
-      placeholder: |
-          https://roadmap.sh/xyz
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/05-project-contribution.yml

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-name: "🙏 ​ ​Submit a Project Idea"
-description: Help us add project ideas to roadmaps.
-labels: [project contribution]
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        Thanks for taking the time to submit a project idea! Please fill out the information below and we'll get back to you as soon as we can.
-  - type: input
-    id: roadmap-title
-    attributes:
-      label: What Roadmap is this project for?
-      placeholder: e.g. Backend Roadmap
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: project-difficulty
-    attributes:
-      label: Project Difficulty
-      options:
-        - Beginner
-        - Intermediate
-        - Advanced
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: roadmap-description
-    attributes:
-      label: Add Project Details
-      description: Please write a detailed description of the project in 3rd person e.g. "You are required to build a..."
-      placeholder: |
-          e.g. You are required to build a RESTful API...
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/05-something-else.yml

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-name: "🤷‍♂️ ​ ​Something else"
-description: If none of the above templates fit your needs, please use this template to submit your issue.
-labels: []
-assignees: []
-body:
-  - type: textarea
-    id: issue-description
-    attributes:
-      label: Detailed Description
-      description: Please provide a detailed description of the issue.
-    validations:
-      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-blank_issues_enabled: false
-contact_links:
-  - name: ✋ ​ ​Roadmap Request
-    url: https://roadmap.sh/discord
-    about: Please do not open issues with roadmap requests, hop onto the discord server for that.
-  - name: 📝 ​ ​Typo or Grammatical Mistake
-    url: https://github.com/kamranahmedse/developer-roadmap/tree/master/src/data
-    about: Please submit a pull request instead of reporting it as an issue.
-  - name: 💬 ​ ​Chat on Discord
-    url: https://roadmap.sh/discord
-    about: Join the community on our Discord server.
-  - name: 🤝 ​ ​Guidance
-    url: https://roadmap.sh/discord
-    about: Join the community in our Discord server.

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.github/sponsors/workos-logo-white-bg.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<svg width="1354" height="420" viewBox="0 0 1354 420" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+<rect width="1354" height="420" rx="20" fill="white"/>
+<path d="M434.751 133.122H466.637L489.595 227.729C493.852 245.585 494.697 256.219 494.697 256.219H495.128C495.128 256.219 496.61 245.808 500.867 227.729L522.757 133.122H558.9L582.066 227.729C586.53 246.223 587.598 256.219 587.598 256.219H588.236C588.236 256.219 588.666 246.223 592.907 227.729L615.02 133.122H646.907L606.523 288.313H571.017L546.576 194.344C541.474 173.936 541.044 164.801 541.044 164.801H540.614C540.614 164.801 540.183 173.936 535.512 194.344L512.553 288.313H475.996L434.751 133.122Z" fill="black"/>
+<path d="M641.583 231.934C641.583 196.428 664.541 173.47 699.202 173.47C733.639 173.47 756.597 196.428 756.597 231.934C756.597 267.647 733.639 290.828 699.202 290.828C664.557 290.812 641.583 267.647 641.583 231.934ZM726.832 231.934C726.832 208.976 715.783 195.998 699.202 195.998C681.346 195.998 671.349 210.458 671.349 231.934C671.349 255.323 682.398 268.284 699.202 268.284C717.058 268.284 726.832 253.824 726.832 231.934Z" fill="black"/>
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.github/workflows/aws-costs.yml

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Sends Daily AWS Costs to Slack
-on:
-  # Allow manual Run
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  # Run at 7:00 UTC every day
-  schedule:
-    - cron: "0 7 * * *"
-jobs:
-  aws_costs:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Get Costs
-        env:
-          AWS_KEY: ${{ secrets.COST_AWS_ACCESS_KEY }}
-          AWS_SECRET: ${{ secrets.COST_AWS_SECRET_KEY }}
-          AWS_REGION: ${{ secrets.COST_AWS_REGION }}
-          SLACK_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_COST_CHANNEL }}
-          SLACK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          npm install -g aws-cost-cli
-          aws-cost -k $AWS_KEY -s $AWS_SECRET -r $AWS_REGION -S $SLACK_TOKEN -C $SLACK_CHANNEL

.github/workflows/close-feedback-pr.yml

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-name: Close PRs with Feedback
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
-jobs:
-  close-pr:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Close PR if it has label "feedback left" and no changes in 7 days
-        uses: actions/github-script@v3
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          script: |
-            const { data: pullRequests } = await github.pulls.list({
-              owner: context.repo.owner,
-              repo: context.repo.repo,
-              state: 'open',
-              base: 'master',
-            });
-
-            for (const pullRequest of pullRequests) {
-              const { data: labels } = await github.issues.listLabelsOnIssue({
-                owner: context.repo.owner,
-                repo: context.repo.repo,
-                issue_number: pullRequest.number,
-              });
-
-              const feedbackLabel = labels.find((label) => label.name === 'feedback left');
-              if (feedbackLabel) {
-                const lastUpdated = new Date(pullRequest.updated_at);
-                const sevenDaysAgo = new Date();
-                sevenDaysAgo.setDate(sevenDaysAgo.getDate() - 7);
-
-                if (lastUpdated < sevenDaysAgo) {
-                  await github.issues.createComment({
-                    owner: context.repo.owner,
-                    repo: context.repo.repo,
-                    issue_number: pullRequest.number,
-                    body: 'Closing this PR because there has been no activity for the past 7 days. Feel free to reopen if you have any feedback.',
-                  });
-                  await github.pulls.update({
-                    owner: context.repo.owner,
-                    repo: context.repo.repo,
-                    pull_number: pullRequest.number,
-                    state: 'closed',
-                  });
-                }
-              }
-            }

.github/workflows/cloudfront-api-cache.yml

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-name: Clears API Cloudfront Cache
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-jobs:
-  aws_costs:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Clear Cloudfront Caching
-        run: |
-          curl -L \
-            -X POST \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/roadmapsh/infra-ansible/actions/workflows/playbook.yml/dispatches \
-            -d '{ "ref":"master", "inputs": { "playbook": "roadmap_web.yml", "tags": "cloudfront-api", "is_verbose": false } }'

.github/workflows/cloudfront-fe-cache.yml

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-name: Clears Frontend Cloudfront Cache
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-jobs:
-  aws_costs:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Clear Cloudfront Caching
-        run: |
-          curl -L \
-            -X POST \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/roadmapsh/infra-ansible/actions/workflows/playbook.yml/dispatches \
-            -d '{ "ref":"master", "inputs": { "playbook": "roadmap_web.yml", "tags": "cloudfront", "is_verbose": false } }'

.github/workflows/deploy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Deployment to GH Pages
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ master ]
+env:
+  ROADMAP_GA_SECRET: ${{ secrets.GA_SECRET }}
+  GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+  CI: true
+  NEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED: 1
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-node@v1
+      with:
+        node-version: 14
+    - name: Setup Environment
+      run: |
+        npm install
+    - name: Generate meta and build
+      run: |
+        npm run meta
+        npm run build
+    - name: Deploy to GH Pages
+      run: |
+        git config user.email "kamranahmed.se@gmail.com"
+        git config user.name "Kamran Ahmed"
+        git remote set-url origin https://x-access-token:${GITHUB_TOKEN}@github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}.git
+        npm run deploy

.github/workflows/deployment.yml

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-name: Deploy to EC2
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-jobs:
-  deploy:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 2
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: 20
-      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4.0.0
-        with:
-          version: 9
-
-      # -------------------
-      # Setup configuration
-      # -------------------
-      - name: Prepare configuration files
-        run: |
-          git clone https://${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}@github.com/roadmapsh/infra-config.git configuration --depth 1
-      - name: Copy configuration files
-        run: |
-          cp configuration/dist/github/developer-roadmap.env .env
-
-      # -----------------
-      # Prepare the Build
-      # -----------------
-      - name: Install Dependencies
-        run: |
-          pnpm install
-
-      - name: Generate Production Build
-        run: |
-          git clone https://${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}@github.com/roadmapsh/web-draw.git .temp/web-draw --depth 1
-          npm run generate-renderer
-          npm run compress:images
-          npm run build
-
-      # --------------------
-      # Deploy to EC2
-      # --------------------
-      - uses: webfactory/ssh-agent@v0.7.0
-        with:
-          ssh-private-key: ${{ secrets.EC2_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-      - name: Deploy Application to EC2
-        run: |
-          rsync -apvz --delete --no-times --exclude "configuration" -e "ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" -p ./ ${{ secrets.EC2_USERNAME }}@${{ secrets.EC2_HOST }}:/var/www/roadmap.sh/
-      - name: Restart PM2
-        uses: appleboy/ssh-action@master
-        with:
-          host: ${{ secrets.EC2_HOST }}
-          username: ${{ secrets.EC2_USERNAME }}
-          key: ${{ secrets.EC2_PRIVATE_KEY }}
-          script: |
-            cd /var/www/roadmap.sh
-            sudo pm2 restart web-roadmap
-
-      # ----------------------
-      # Clear cloudfront cache
-      # ----------------------
-      - name: Clear Cloudfront Caching
-        run: |
-          curl -L \
-            -X POST \
-            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.GH_PAT }}" \
-            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            https://api.github.com/repos/roadmapsh/infra-ansible/actions/workflows/playbook.yml/dispatches \
-            -d '{ "ref":"master", "inputs": { "playbook": "roadmap_web.yml", "tags": "cloudfront", "is_verbose": false } }'

.github/workflows/label-issue.yml

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-name: Label Issue
-
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [ opened, edited ]
-  
-jobs:
-  label-topic-change-issue:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Add Labels To Issue
-        uses: actions/github-script@v7
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          script: |
-            const issue = context.payload.issue;
-            const roadmapUrl = issue.body.match(/https?:\/\/roadmap.sh\/[^ ]+/);
-
-            // if the issue is labeled as a topic-change, add the roadmap slug as a label
-            if (issue.labels.some(label => label.name === 'topic-change')) {
-              if (roadmapUrl) {
-                const roadmapSlug = new URL(roadmapUrl[0]).pathname.replace(/\//, '');
-                github.rest.issues.addLabels({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: issue.number,
-                  labels: [roadmapSlug]
-                });
-              }
-            
-              // Close the issue if it has no roadmap URL
-              if (!roadmapUrl) {
-                github.rest.issues.update({
-                  owner: context.repo.owner,
-                  repo: context.repo.repo,
-                  issue_number: issue.number,
-                  state: 'closed'
-                });
-              }
-            }

.github/workflows/refresh-roadmap-content-json.yml

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-name: Refresh Roadmap Content JSON
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 0 * * *'
-
-jobs:
-  refresh-content:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Setup pnpm@v9
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
-        with:
-          version: 9
-          run_install: false
-
-      - name: Setup Node.js Version 20 (LTS)
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: 20
-          cache: 'pnpm'
-
-      - name: Install Dependencies and Generate Content JSON
-        run: |
-          pnpm install
-          npm run generate:roadmap-content-json
-      
-      - name: Create PR
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
-        with:
-          delete-branch: false
-          branch: "chore/update-content-json"
-          base: "master"
-          labels: |
-            dependencies
-            automated pr
-          reviewers: kamranahmedse
-          commit-message: "chore: update roadmap content json"
-          title: "Updated Roadmap Content JSON - Automated"
-          body: |
-            ## Updated Roadmap Content JSON
-            
-            > [!IMPORTANT]
-            > This PR Updates the Roadmap Content JSON files stored in the `public` directory.
-            >
-            > Commit: ${{ github.sha }}
-            > Workflow Path: ${{ github.workflow_ref }}
-
-            **Please Review the Changes and Merge the PR if everything is fine.**

.github/workflows/upgrade-dependencies.yml

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-name: Upgrade Dependencies
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: '0 0 * * 0'
-
-jobs:
-  upgrade-deps:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Setup Node.js Version 20 (LTS)
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: 20
-
-      - name: Setup pnpm@v9
-        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
-        with:
-          version: 9
-
-      - name: Install & Upgrade Dependencies
-        run: |
-          pnpm install
-          npm run upgrade
-          pnpm install --lockfile-only
-
-      - name: Create Pull Request
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
-        with:
-          delete-branch: false
-          branch: "update-deps"
-          base: "master"
-          labels: |
-            dependencies
-            automated pr
-          reviewers: kamranahmedse
-          commit-message: "chore: update dependencies to latest"
-          title: "Upgrade Dependencies To Latest - Automated"
-          body: |
-            ## Updated all Dependencies to Latest Versions.
-
-            > [!IMPORTANT]
-            > This PR Upgrades the Dependencies to the Latest Their Versions.
-            >
-            > Commit: ${{ github.sha }}
-            > Workflow Path: ${{ github.workflow_ref }}
-
-            **Please Review the Changes and Merge the PR if everything is fine.**

.gitignore

@@ -1,35 +1,36 @@
-.idea
-.temp
-
-# build output
-dist/
-.output/
+# See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files/ for more about ignoring files.
+out
 
 # dependencies
-node_modules/
+/node_modules
+/.pnp
+.pnp.js
 
-scripts/developer-roadmap
+# testing
+/coverage
 
-# logs
+# next.js
+/.next/
+/out/
+
+# production
+/build
+
+# misc
+.idea
+.DS_Store
+*.pem
+
+# debug
 npm-debug.log*
 yarn-debug.log*
 yarn-error.log*
-pnpm-debug.log*
 
+# local env files
+.env.local
+.env.development.local
+.env.test.local
+.env.production.local
 
-# environment variables
-.env
-.env.production
-
-# macOS-specific files
-.DS_Store
-/test-results/
-/playwright-report/
-/playwright/.cache/
-tests-examples
-*.csv
-
-/editor/*
-!/editor/readonly-editor.tsx
-!/editor/renderer/renderer.ts
-!/editor/renderer/index.tsx
+# vercel
+.vercel

.npmrc

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-auto-install-peers=true
-strict-peer-dependencies=false

.prettierignore

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-app-dist
-dist
-.idea
-.github
-public
-node_modules
-pnpm-lock.yaml

.prettierrc

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "semi": true,
+  "singleQuote": true,
+  "tabWidth": 2
+}

.prettierrc.cjs

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-module.exports = {
-  semi: true,
-  singleQuote: true,
-  overrides: [
-    {
-      files: '*.astro',
-      options: {
-        parser: 'astro',
-        singleQuote: true,
-        jsxSingleQuote: true,
-      },
-    },
-  ],
-  plugins: [
-    require.resolve('prettier-plugin-astro'),
-    'prettier-plugin-tailwindcss',
-  ],
-};

.vscode/extensions.json

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "recommendations": ["astro-build.astro-vscode"],
-  "unwantedRecommendations": []
-}

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "version": "0.2.0",
-  "configurations": [
-    {
-      "command": "./node_modules/.bin/astro dev",
-      "name": "Development server",
-      "request": "launch",
-      "type": "node-terminal"
-    }
-  ]
-}

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "prettier.documentSelectors": ["**/*.astro"],
-  "[astro]": {
-    "editor.defaultFormatter": "esbenp.prettier-vscode"
-  }
-}

astro.config.mjs

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-// https://astro.build/config
-import sitemap from '@astrojs/sitemap';
-import tailwind from '@astrojs/tailwind';
-import node from '@astrojs/node';
-import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
-import rehypeExternalLinks from 'rehype-external-links';
-import { serializeSitemap, shouldIndexPage } from './sitemap.mjs';
-
-import react from '@astrojs/react';
-
-// https://astro.build/config
-export default defineConfig({
-  site: 'https://roadmap.sh/',
-  markdown: {
-    shikiConfig: {
-      theme: 'dracula',
-    },
-    rehypePlugins: [
-      [
-        rehypeExternalLinks,
-        {
-          target: '_blank',
-          rel: function (element) {
-            const href = element.properties.href;
-            const whiteListedStarts = [
-              '/',
-              '#',
-              'mailto:',
-              'https://github.com/kamranahmedse',
-              'https://thenewstack.io',
-              'https://kamranahmed.info',
-              'https://roadmap.sh',
-            ];
-            if (whiteListedStarts.some((start) => href.startsWith(start))) {
-              return [];
-            }
-            return 'noopener noreferrer nofollow';
-          },
-        },
-      ],
-    ],
-  },
-  output: 'hybrid',
-  adapter: node({
-    mode: 'standalone',
-  }),
-  trailingSlash: 'never',
-  integrations: [
-    tailwind({
-      config: {
-        applyBaseStyles: false,
-      },
-    }),
-    sitemap({
-      filter: shouldIndexPage,
-      serialize: serializeSitemap,
-    }),
-    react(),
-  ],
-});

code_of_conduct.md

@@ -14,21 +14,21 @@ appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
 Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
 include:
 
-- Using welcoming and inclusive language
-- Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
-- Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
-- Focusing on what is best for the community
-- Showing empathy towards other community members
+* Using welcoming and inclusive language
+* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
+* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
+* Focusing on what is best for the community
+* Showing empathy towards other community members
 
 Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
 
-- The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
   advances
-- Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
-- Public or private harassment
-- Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
+* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
   address, without explicit permission
-- Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
   professional setting
 
 ## Our Responsibilities

components/content-page-header.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import { Box, Container, Flex, Heading, Image, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import React from 'react';
+
+type ContentPageHeaderProps = {
+  formattedDate: string;
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  author?: {
+    name: string;
+    twitter: string;
+    picture: string;
+  },
+  subLink?: {
+    text: string;
+    url: string;
+  }
+};
+
+export function ContentPageHeader(props: ContentPageHeaderProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, author = null, formattedDate, subLink = null } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box pt={['35px', '35px', '70px']} pb={['35px', '35px', '55px']} borderBottomWidth={1} mb='30px'>
+      <Container maxW='container.md' position='relative' textAlign={['left', 'left', 'center']}>
+        <Flex alignItems='center' justifyContent={['flex-start', 'flex-start', 'center']}
+              fontSize={['12px', '12px', '14px']}>
+
+          {author?.name && (
+            <>
+              <Link
+                d={['none', 'flex', 'flex']}
+                target='_blank'
+                href={`https://twitter.com/${author.twitter}`}
+                alignItems='center'
+                fontWeight={600}
+                color='gray.500'
+              >
+                <Image alt={''} rounded={'full'} mr='7px' w='22px' src={author.picture} />
+                {author.name}
+              </Link>
+              <Text d={['none', 'inline', 'inline']} mx='7px' color='gray.500' as='span'>&middot;</Text>
+            </>
+          )}
+
+          <Text color='gray.500' as='span'>{formattedDate}</Text>
+          {subLink?.text && (
+            <>
+              <Text d={['none', 'none', 'inline']} mx='7px' color='gray.500' as='span'>&middot;</Text>
+              <Link d={['none', 'none', 'inline']} color='blue.500' fontWeight={500}
+                    href={subLink.url} target={'_blank'}>{subLink.text}</Link>
+            </>
+          )}
+        </Flex>
+        <Heading as='h1' color='black' fontSize={['30px', '30px', '45px']} lineHeight={['40px', '40px', '53px']}
+                 fontWeight={700} my={['5px', '5px', '10px']}>{title}</Heading>
+        <Text fontSize={['14px', '14px', '16px']} color='gray.700'>{subtitle}</Text>
+      </Container>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/custom-ad.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+export const CustomAd = () => {
+  return (
+    <div id='carbonads'>
+      <span>
+        <span className='carbon-wrap'>
+          <a
+            href='https://freemote.com/strategy?sl=roadmap'
+            className='carbon-img'
+            target='_blank'
+          >
+            <img
+              src='/fm-img.png'
+              alt='Custom Logo'
+              height='100'
+              width='130'
+              style={{ maxWidth: '130px', border: 'none' }}
+            />
+          </a>
+          <a
+            href='https://freemote.com/strategy?sl=roadmap'
+            className='carbon-text'
+            target='_blank'
+          >
+            He Went from ZERO TO $74,000 as a Full Time Developer in 7 Weeks
+          </a>
+        </span>
+        <a
+          href='https://github.com/sponsors/kamranahmedse'
+          className='carbon-poweredby'
+          target='_blank'
+        >
+          Sponsored by
+        </a>
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  );
+};

components/dimmed-more.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { Box, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type DimmedMoreProps = {
+  text: string;
+  href: string;
+};
+
+export function DimmedMore(props: DimmedMoreProps) {
+  const { text, href } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box position='relative' textAlign='center' bottom='20px'>
+      <Box
+        opacity={1}
+        pointerEvents='none'
+        position='absolute'
+        bottom={0}
+        height='200px'
+        width='100%'
+        background='linear-gradient(180deg, rgb(255 255 255 / 40%), white)'
+      />
+
+      <Link
+        rounded='20px'
+        display='inline'
+        bg='green.600'
+        color='white'
+        p='7px 20px'
+        href={href}
+        fontWeight={800}
+        fontSize='11px'
+        textTransform='uppercase'
+        my='25px'
+        position='relative'
+        _hover={{
+          textDecoration: 'none',
+          '& .forward-arrow': {
+            transform: 'translateX(3px)'
+          }
+        }}>
+        {text}
+        <Text d='inline-block' as='span' transition='200ms' ml='4px' className='forward-arrow'>&rarr;</Text>
+      </Link>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/footer.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import { Box, Container, Flex, Image, Link, Stack, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import siteConfig from '../content/site.json';
+import { CustomAd } from './custom-ad';
+
+function NavigationLinks() {
+  return (
+    <>
+      <Stack isInline d={['none', 'none', 'flex']} color='gray.400' fontWeight={600} spacing='30px'>
+        <Link _hover={{ color: 'white' }} href='/roadmaps'>Roadmaps</Link>
+        <Link _hover={{ color: 'white' }} href='/guides'>Guides</Link>
+        <Link _hover={{ color: 'white' }} href='/watch'>Videos</Link>
+        <Link _hover={{ color: 'white' }} href='/about'>About</Link>
+        <Link _hover={{ color: 'white' }} href={siteConfig.url.youtube} target='_blank'>YouTube</Link>
+      </Stack>
+
+      <Stack d={['flex', 'flex', 'none']} color='gray.400' fontWeight={600} spacing={0}>
+        <Link py='7px' borderBottomWidth={1} borderBottomColor='gray.800' _hover={{ color: 'white' }}
+              href='/roadmaps'>Roadmaps</Link>
+        <Link py='7px' borderBottomWidth={1} borderBottomColor='gray.800' _hover={{ color: 'white' }}
+              href='/guides'>Guides</Link>
+        <Link py='7px' borderBottomWidth={1} borderBottomColor='gray.800' _hover={{ color: 'white' }}
+              href='/watch'>Videos</Link>
+        <Link py='7px' borderBottomWidth={1} borderBottomColor='gray.800' _hover={{ color: 'white' }}
+              href='/about'>About</Link>
+        <Link py='7px' _hover={{ color: 'white' }} target='_blank'
+              href={siteConfig.url.youtube}>YouTube</Link>
+      </Stack>
+    </>
+  );
+}
+
+export function Footer() {
+  return (
+    <Box bg='brand.hero' p={['25px 0', '25px 0', '40px 0']}>
+      <Container maxW='container.md'>
+        <NavigationLinks />
+
+        <Box mt={['40px', '40px', '50px']} mb='40px' maxW='500px'>
+          <Flex spacing={0} alignItems='center' color='gray.400'>
+            <Link d='flex' alignItems='center' fontWeight={600} _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', color: 'white' }}
+                  href='/'>
+              <Image alt='' h='25px' w='25px' src='/logo.svg' mr='6px' />
+              roadmap.sh
+            </Link>
+            <Text as='span' mx='7px'>by</Text>
+            <Link bg='blue.500' px='6px' py='2px' rounded='4px' color='white' fontWeight={600} fontSize='13px'
+                  _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', bg: 'blue.600' }} href={siteConfig.url.twitter}
+                  target='_blank'>@kamranahmedse</Link>
+          </Flex>
+
+          <Text my='15px' fontSize='14px' color='gray.500'>Community created roadmaps, articles, resources and
+            journeys to help you choose your path and grow in your career.</Text>
+
+          <Text fontSize='14px' color='gray.500'>
+            <Text as='span' mr='10px'>&copy; roadmap.sh</Text>&middot;
+            <Link href='/about' _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', color: 'white' }} color='gray.400'
+                  mx='10px'>FAQs</Link>&middot;
+            <Link href='/terms' _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', color: 'white' }} color='gray.400'
+                  mx='10px'>Terms</Link>&middot;
+            <Link href='/privacy' _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', color: 'white' }} color='gray.400'
+                  mx='10px'>Privacy</Link>
+          </Text>
+        </Box>
+      </Container>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/global-header.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { useState } from 'react';
+import { HamburgerIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+import { Box, CloseButton, Container, Flex, IconButton, Image, Link, Stack, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import RoadmapLogo from '../components/icons/roadmap.svg';
+import siteConfig from '../content/site.json';
+
+type MenuLinkProps = {
+  text: string;
+  link: string;
+};
+
+function MenuLink(props: MenuLinkProps) {
+  const { text, link } = props;
+
+  return <Link
+    borderBottomWidth={0}
+    borderBottomColor='gray.500'
+    _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', borderBottomColor: 'white' }}
+    fontWeight={500}
+    href={link}
+  >
+    {text}
+  </Link>;
+}
+
+function DesktopMenuLinks() {
+  return (
+    <Stack d={['none', 'flex', 'flex']} shouldWrapChildren isInline spacing='15px' alignItems='center' color='gray.50'
+           fontSize='15px'>
+      <MenuLink text={'Roadmaps'} link={'/roadmaps'} />
+      <MenuLink text={'Guides'} link={'/guides'} />
+      <MenuLink text={'Videos'} link={'/watch'} />
+
+      <Link ml='10px' bgGradient='linear(to-l, yellow.700, red.600)' p='7px 10px' rounded='4px'
+            _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', bgGradient: 'linear(to-l, red.800, yellow.700)' }}
+            fontWeight={500} href={'/signup'}>Subscribe</Link>
+    </Stack>
+  );
+}
+
+function MobileMenuLinks() {
+  const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false);
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <IconButton
+        rounded='5px'
+        padding={0}
+        aria-label={'Menu'}
+        d={['block', 'none', 'none']}
+        icon={<HamburgerIcon color='white' w='25px' height='25px' />}
+        color='white'
+        cursor='pointer'
+        h='auto'
+        bg='transparent'
+        _hover={{ bg: 'transparent' }}
+        _active={{ bg: 'transparent' }}
+        _focus={{ bg: 'transparent' }}
+        onClick={() => setIsOpen(true)}
+      />
+
+      {isOpen && (
+        <Stack color='gray.100'
+               fontSize={['22px', '22px', '22px', '32px']}
+               alignItems='center'
+               justifyContent='center'
+               pos='fixed'
+               left={0}
+               right={0}
+               bottom={0}
+               top={0}
+               bg='gray.900'
+               spacing='12px'
+               zIndex={999}
+        >
+          <Link href='/roadmaps'>Roadmaps</Link>
+          <Link href='/guides'>Guides</Link>
+          <Link href='/watch'>Videos</Link>
+          <Link href='/signup'>Subscribe</Link>
+          <CloseButton onClick={() => setIsOpen(false)} pos='fixed' top='40px' right='15px' size='lg' />
+        </Stack>
+      )}
+    </>
+  );
+}
+
+type GlobalHeaderProps = {
+  variant?: 'transparent' | 'solid'
+};
+
+export function GlobalHeader(props: GlobalHeaderProps) {
+  const { variant = 'solid' } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box bg={variant === 'solid' ? 'gray.900' : 'transparent'} p='20px 0'>
+      <Container maxW='container.md'>
+        <Flex justifyContent='space-between' alignItems='center'>
+          <Box>
+            <Link w='100%'
+                  d='flex'
+                  href='/'
+                  alignItems='center'
+                  color='white'
+                  fontWeight={600}
+                  _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none' }}
+                  fontSize='18px'>
+              <RoadmapLogo style={{ height: '30px', width: '30px', marginRight: '10px' }} />
+              <Text d={['block', 'none', 'block']} as='span'>roadmap.sh</Text>
+            </Link>
+          </Box>
+          <DesktopMenuLinks />
+          <MobileMenuLinks />
+        </Flex>
+      </Container>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/guide/guide-grid-item.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { Badge, Box, Heading, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type GuideGridItemProps = {
+  title: string;
+  href: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  date: string;
+  isNew?: boolean;
+  colorIndex?: number;
+};
+
+const bgColorList = [
+  'gray.700',
+  'purple.800'
+];
+
+export function GuideGridItem(props: GuideGridItemProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, date, isNew = false, colorIndex = 0, href } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', transform: 'scale(1.02)' }} as={Link} href={href} shadow='xl' p='20px'
+         rounded='10px' bg={bgColorList[colorIndex] ?? bgColorList[0]} flex={1}>
+      <Text mb='10px' fontSize='13px' color='gray.400'>
+        {isNew && <Badge colorScheme={'yellow'} mr='10px'>New</Badge>}
+        {date}
+      </Text>
+      <Heading color='white' mb={'6px'} fontSize='20px'>{title}</Heading>
+      <Text color='gray.300' fontSize='14px'>{subtitle}</Text>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/helmet.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+import NextHead from 'next/head';
+import siteConfig from '../content/site.json';
+import { RoadmapType } from '../lib/roadmap';
+import { roadmapTheme } from '../styles/theme';
+
+type HelmetProps = {
+  title?: string;
+  keywords?: string[];
+  canonical?: string;
+  description?: string;
+  roadmap?: RoadmapType;
+};
+
+function getRichSnippetJson(roadmap: RoadmapType) {
+  return {
+    '@context': 'https://schema.org',
+    '@type': 'Article',
+    mainEntityOfPage: {
+      '@type': 'WebPage',
+      '@id': `https://roadmap.sh/${roadmap.id}`,
+    },
+    headline: roadmap.seo.title,
+    description: roadmap.seo.description,
+    image: roadmap.jsonUrl
+      ? `https://roadmap.sh/roadmaps/${roadmap.id}.png`
+      : undefined,
+    author: {
+      '@type': 'Person',
+      name: 'Kamran Ahmed',
+      url: 'https://twitter.com/kamranahmedse',
+    },
+    publisher: {
+      '@type': 'Organization',
+      name: 'roadmap.sh',
+      logo: {
+        '@type': 'ImageObject',
+        url: 'https://roadmap.sh/brand-square.png',
+      },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const Helmet = (props: HelmetProps) => {
+  const { roadmap, title, canonical, description, keywords } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <NextHead>
+      <meta charSet="UTF-8" />
+
+      <title>{title || siteConfig.title}</title>
+      <meta
+        name="description"
+        content={description || siteConfig.description}
+      />
+
+      <meta name="author" content={siteConfig.author} />
+      <meta
+        name="keywords"
+        content={keywords ? keywords.join(',') : siteConfig.keywords.join(',')}
+      />
+
+      <meta
+        name="viewport"
+        content="width=device-width, user-scalable=yes, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=3.0, minimum-scale=1.0"
+      />
+      {canonical && <link rel="canonical" href={canonical} />}
+      <meta httpEquiv="Content-Language" content="en" />
+      <meta property="og:title" content={title || siteConfig.title} />
+      <meta
+        property="og:description"
+        content={description || siteConfig.description}
+      />
+      <meta
+        property="og:image"
+        content={`${siteConfig.url.web}${siteConfig.logoSquare}`}
+      />
+      <meta property="og:url" content={siteConfig.url.web} />
+      <meta property="og:type" content="website" />
+      <meta
+        property="article:publisher"
+        content={`https://facebook.com/${siteConfig.facebook}`}
+      />
+      <meta property="og:site_name" content={siteConfig.name} />
+      <meta property="article:author" content={siteConfig.author} />
+
+      <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
+      <meta name="twitter:site" content={`@${siteConfig.twitter}`} />
+      <meta name="twitter:title" content={title || siteConfig.title} />
+      <meta
+        name="twitter:description"
+        content={description || siteConfig.description}
+      />
+      <meta
+        name="twitter:image"
+        content={`${siteConfig.url.web}${siteConfig.logoSquare}`}
+      />
+      <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="roadmap.sh" />
+
+      <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
+      <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
+      <meta
+        name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style"
+        content="black-translucent"
+      />
+      <link
+        rel="apple-touch-icon"
+        sizes="180x180"
+        href="/manifest/apple-touch-icon.png"
+      />
+      <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#101010" />
+      <meta name="theme-color" content="#848a9a" />
+
+      <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest/manifest.json" />
+      <link
+        rel="icon"
+        type="image/png"
+        sizes="32x32"
+        href="/manifest/icon32.png"
+      />
+      <link
+        rel="icon"
+        type="image/png"
+        sizes="16x16"
+        href="/manifest/icon16.png"
+      />
+      <link
+        rel="shortcut icon"
+        href="/manifest/favicon.ico"
+        type="image/x-icon"
+      />
+      <link rel="icon" href="/manifest/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
+
+      {roadmap?.id && (
+        <script
+          type="application/ld+json"
+          dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
+            __html: JSON.stringify(getRichSnippetJson(roadmap)),
+          }}
+        />
+      )}
+
+      {/* Global Site Tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics */}
+      {process.env.GA_SECRET && (
+        <>
+          <script
+            async
+            src={`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${process.env.GA_SECRET}`}
+          />
+          <script
+            dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
+              __html: `
+            window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
+            function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
+            gtag('js', new Date());
+            gtag('config', '${process.env.GA_SECRET}');
+          `,
+            }}
+          />
+        </>
+      )}
+    </NextHead>
+  );
+};
+
+export default Helmet;

components/icons/facebook.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<svg width="29" height="29">
+    <path d="M23.2 5H5.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8V23.2c0 .44.35.8.8.8h9.3v-7.13h-2.38V13.9h2.38v-2.38c0-2.45 1.55-3.66 3.74-3.66 1.05 0 1.95.08 2.2.11v2.57h-1.5c-1.2 0-1.48.57-1.48 1.4v1.96h2.97l-.6 2.97h-2.37l.05 7.12h5.1a.8.8 0 0 0 .79-.8V5.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.79"></path>
+</svg>

components/icons/github.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+    <path d="M12 0c-6.626 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 5.302 3.438 9.8 8.207 11.387.599.111.793-.261.793-.577v-2.234c-3.338.726-4.033-1.416-4.033-1.416-.546-1.387-1.333-1.756-1.333-1.756-1.089-.745.083-.729.083-.729 1.205.084 1.839 1.237 1.839 1.237 1.07 1.834 2.807 1.304 3.492.997.107-.775.418-1.305.762-1.604-2.665-.305-5.467-1.334-5.467-5.931 0-1.311.469-2.381 1.236-3.221-.124-.303-.535-1.524.117-3.176 0 0 1.008-.322 3.301 1.23.957-.266 1.983-.399 3.003-.404 1.02.005 2.047.138 3.006.404 2.291-1.552 3.297-1.23 3.297-1.23.653 1.653.242 2.874.118 3.176.77.84 1.235 1.911 1.235 3.221 0 4.609-2.807 5.624-5.479 5.921.43.372.823 1.102.823 2.222v3.293c0 .319.192.694.801.576 4.765-1.589 8.199-6.086 8.199-11.386 0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12z"/>
+</svg>

components/icons/link.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true">
+    <path fill-rule="evenodd"
+          d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path>
+</svg>

components/icons/roadmap.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 283 283" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+    <path d="M0 39C0 17.4609 17.4609 0 39 0H244C265.539 0 283 17.4609 283 39V244C283 265.539 265.539 283 244 283H39C17.4609 283 0 265.539 0 244V39Z" fill="black"></path>
+    <path d="M121.215 210.72C119.348 211.28 116.361 211.84 112.255 212.4C108.335 212.96 104.228 213.24 99.9347 213.24C95.828 213.24 92.0947 212.96 88.7347 212.4C85.5614 211.84 82.8547 210.72 80.6147 209.04C78.3747 207.36 76.6014 205.12 75.2947 202.32C74.1747 199.333 73.6147 195.507 73.6147 190.84V106.84C73.6147 102.547 74.3614 98.9067 75.8547 95.92C77.5347 92.7467 79.868 89.9467 82.8547 87.52C85.8414 85.0933 89.4814 82.9467 93.7747 81.08C98.2547 79.0267 103.015 77.2533 108.055 75.76C113.095 74.2667 118.321 73.1467 123.735 72.4C129.148 71.4667 134.561 71 139.975 71C148.935 71 156.028 72.7733 161.255 76.32C166.481 79.68 169.095 85.28 169.095 93.12C169.095 95.7333 168.721 98.3467 167.975 100.96C167.228 103.387 166.295 105.627 165.175 107.68C161.255 107.68 157.241 107.867 153.135 108.24C149.028 108.613 145.015 109.173 141.095 109.92C137.175 110.667 133.441 111.507 129.895 112.44C126.535 113.187 123.641 114.12 121.215 115.24V210.72ZM166.387 188.32C166.387 180.48 168.813 173.947 173.667 168.72C178.52 163.493 185.147 160.88 193.547 160.88C201.947 160.88 208.573 163.493 213.427 168.72C218.28 173.947 220.707 180.48 220.707 188.32C220.707 196.16 218.28 202.693 213.427 207.92C208.573 213.147 201.947 215.76 193.547 215.76C185.147 215.76 178.52 213.147 173.667 207.92C168.813 202.693 166.387 196.16 166.387 188.32Z" fill="white"></path>
+</svg>

components/icons/twitter.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<svg width="29" height="29" fill="currentColor">
+    <path d="M22.05 7.54a4.47 4.47 0 0 0-3.3-1.46 4.53 4.53 0 0 0-4.53 4.53c0 .35.04.7.08 1.05A12.9 12.9 0 0 1 5 6.89a5.1 5.1 0 0 0-.65 2.26c.03 1.6.83 2.99 2.02 3.79a4.3 4.3 0 0 1-2.02-.57v.08a4.55 4.55 0 0 0 3.63 4.44c-.4.08-.8.13-1.21.16l-.81-.08a4.54 4.54 0 0 0 4.2 3.15 9.56 9.56 0 0 1-5.66 1.94l-1.05-.08c2 1.27 4.38 2.02 6.94 2.02 8.3 0 12.86-6.9 12.84-12.85.02-.24 0-.43 0-.65a8.68 8.68 0 0 0 2.26-2.34c-.82.38-1.7.62-2.6.72a4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.95-2.51c-.84.53-1.81.9-2.83 1.13z"></path>
+</svg>

components/icons/video-icon.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+export function VideoIcon(props: any) {
+  return (
+    <svg
+      stroke='currentColor'
+      fill='currentColor'
+      strokeWidth='0'
+      viewBox='0 0 24 24'
+      height='1em'
+      width='1em'
+      xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'
+      {...props}
+    >
+      <g>
+        <path fill='none' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' />
+        <path
+          d='M3 3.993C3 3.445 3.445 3 3.993 3h16.014c.548 0 .993.445.993.993v16.014a.994.994 0 0 1-.993.993H3.993A.994.994 0 0 1 3 20.007V3.993zm7.622 4.422a.4.4 0 0 0-.622.332v6.506a.4.4 0 0 0 .622.332l4.879-3.252a.4.4 0 0 0 0-.666l-4.88-3.252z'
+        />
+      </g>
+    </svg>
+  );
+}

components/icons/youtube.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill='currentColor'>
+    <path d="M19.615 3.184c-3.604-.246-11.631-.245-15.23 0-3.897.266-4.356 2.62-4.385 8.816.029 6.185.484 8.549 4.385 8.816 3.6.245 11.626.246 15.23 0 3.897-.266 4.356-2.62 4.385-8.816-.029-6.185-.484-8.549-4.385-8.816zm-10.615 12.816v-8l8 3.993-8 4.007z"/>
+</svg>

components/links-list-item.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Badge, Flex, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type LinksListItemProps = {
+  href: string;
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  badgeText?: string;
+  target?: string;
+  icon?: React.ReactChild;
+  hideSubtitleOnMobile?: boolean;
+};
+
+export function LinksListItem(props: LinksListItemProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, badgeText, icon, hideSubtitleOnMobile = false, href, target } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Link
+      target={target || '_self'}
+      href={href}
+      fontSize={['14px', '14px', '15px']}
+      py='9px'
+      d='flex'
+      flexDirection={['column', 'row', 'row']}
+      fontWeight={500}
+      color='gray.600'
+      alignItems={['flex-start', 'center']}
+      justifyContent={'space-between'}
+      sx={{
+        '@media (hover: none)': {
+          '&:hover': {
+            '& .list-item-title': {
+              transform: 'none'
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }}
+      _hover={{
+        textDecoration: 'none',
+        color: 'blue.400',
+        '& .list-item-title': {
+          transform: 'translateX(10px)'
+        }
+      }}
+      isTruncated
+      maxWidth='100%'
+    >
+      <Flex alignItems='center' className='list-item-title' transition={'200ms'}>
+        {icon}
+        <Text maxWidth={'345px'} isTruncated as='span'>{title}</Text>
+        {badgeText &&
+        <Badge pos='relative' top='1px' variant='subtle' colorScheme='purple' ml='10px'>{badgeText}</Badge>}
+      </Flex>
+      <Text d={[hideSubtitleOnMobile ? 'none' : 'inline', 'inline']} mt={['3px', 0]} as='span'
+            fontSize={['11px', '11px', '12px']} color='gray.500'>{subtitle}</Text>
+    </Link>
+  );
+}

components/links-list.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { StackDivider, VStack } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type LinksListProps = {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+};
+
+export function LinksList(props: LinksListProps) {
+  const { children } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <VStack
+      rounded='5px'
+      divider={<StackDivider borderColor='gray.200' />}
+      spacing={0}
+      align='stretch'
+    >
+      {children}
+    </VStack>
+  );
+}

components/md-renderer/index.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import React from 'react';
+// @ts-ignore
+import { MDXProvider } from '@mdx-js/react';
+import { ChakraProvider } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import MdxComponents from './mdx-components';
+import { roadmapTheme } from '../../styles/theme';
+
+type MdRendererType = {
+  children: React.ReactNode
+};
+
+export default function MdRenderer(props: MdRendererType) {
+  return (
+    <ChakraProvider theme={roadmapTheme} resetCSS>
+      <MDXProvider components={MdxComponents}>
+        {props.children}
+      </MDXProvider>
+    </ChakraProvider>
+  );
+};

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/a.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+type EnrichedLinkProps = {
+  href: string;
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+};
+
+const Link = styled.a`
+  font-weight: 600;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+`;
+
+const EnrichedLink = (props: EnrichedLinkProps) => {
+  // Is external URL or is a media URL
+  const isExternalUrl = /(^http(s)?:\/\/)|(\.(png|svg|jpeg|jpg)$)/.test(
+    props.href
+  );
+
+  const linkProps: Record<string, string> = {
+    target: '_self',
+    ...(isExternalUrl
+      ? {
+          rel: 'nofollow',
+          target: '_blank',
+        }
+      : {}),
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <Link href={props.href} {...linkProps}>
+      {props.children}
+    </Link>
+  );
+};
+
+export default EnrichedLink;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/badge-link.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Link, Text, Badge } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type BadgeLinkType = {
+  target: string;
+  badgeText: string;
+  href: string;
+  colorScheme?: string;
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+};
+
+export function BadgeLink(props: BadgeLinkType) {
+  const {
+    target = '_blank',
+    colorScheme = 'purple',
+    badgeText,
+    href,
+    children,
+  } = props;
+
+  // Is external URL or is a media URL
+  const isExternalUrl = /(^http(s)?:\/\/)|(\.(png|svg|jpeg|jpg)$)/.test(
+    props.href
+  );
+
+  const linkProps: Record<string, string> = {
+    ...(isExternalUrl
+      ? {
+          rel: 'nofollow',
+        }
+      : {}),
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <Text mb={'0px'}>
+      <Link
+        fontSize="14px"
+        color="blue.700"
+        fontWeight={500}
+        textDecoration="none"
+        href={href}
+        target={target}
+        _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', color: 'purple.400' }}
+        {...linkProps}
+      >
+        <Badge fontSize="11px" mr="7px" colorScheme={colorScheme}>
+          {badgeText}
+        </Badge>
+        {children}
+      </Link>
+    </Text>
+  );
+}

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/blockquote.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+const BlockQuote = styled.blockquote`
+  padding: 16px 20px;
+  position: relative;
+  background: #e8e8e8;
+  border-radius: 5px;
+  margin-bottom: 18px;
+
+  h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+    margin-top: 0;
+  }
+
+  p + h4 {
+    margin-top: 15px;
+  }
+
+  p {
+    margin: 0;
+
+    & + p {
+      margin-top: 10px;
+    }
+  }
+`;
+
+export default BlockQuote;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/code.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Code as ChakraCode } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type CodeType = {
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+}
+
+export default function Code(props: CodeType) {
+  return <ChakraCode bg='blue.500'>{props.children}</ChakraCode>;
+}

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/heading.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+import LinkIcon from 'components/icons/link.svg';
+
+const linkify = (Component: React.FunctionComponent<any>) => {
+  return function EnrichedHeading(props: { children: string }): React.ReactNode {
+    const text = props.children;
+    const id = text?.toLowerCase && text
+      .toLowerCase()
+      .replace(/[^\x00-\x7F]/g, '')
+      .replace(/\s+/g, '-')
+      .replace(/[?!]/g, '');
+
+    return (
+      <Component id={id}>
+        <HeaderLink href={`#${id}`}>
+          <LinkIcon />
+        </HeaderLink>
+        {props.children}
+      </Component>
+    );
+  };
+};
+
+const HeaderLink = styled.a`
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 0;
+  left: -25px;
+  width: 25px;
+  display: none;
+  height: 100%;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+`;
+
+const H1 = styled.h1`
+  position: relative;
+  font-size: 32px;
+  line-height: 40px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  margin: 20px 0 10px !important;
+
+  &:hover ${HeaderLink} {
+    display: flex;
+  }
+`;
+
+const H2 = styled(H1).attrs({ as: 'h2' })`
+  font-size: 30px;
+`;
+
+const H3 = styled(H1).attrs({ as: 'h3' })`
+  margin: 22px 0 8px;
+  font-size: 28px;
+`;
+
+const H4 = styled(H1).attrs({ as: 'h4' })`
+  margin: 18px 0 8px;
+  font-size: 24px;
+`;
+
+const H5 = styled(H1).attrs({ as: 'h5' })`
+  margin: 14px 0 8px;
+  font-size: 18px;
+`;
+
+const H6 = styled(H1).attrs({ as: 'h6' })`
+  margin: 12px 0 8px;
+  font-size: 18px;
+`;
+
+const Headings = {
+  h1: H1,
+  h2: H2,
+  h3: H3,
+  h4: H4,
+  h5: H5,
+  h6: H6
+};
+
+export default Headings;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/iframe.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+type IFrameProps = {
+  title: string;
+  src: string;
+};
+
+const AspectRatioBox = styled.div`
+  position: relative;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  margin-bottom: 18px;
+
+  &:before {
+    height: 0;
+    content: "";
+    display: block;
+    padding-bottom: 50%;
+  }
+
+  & > iframe {
+    overflow: hidden;
+    position: absolute;
+    top: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    display: flex;
+    justify-content: center;
+    align-items: center;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 100%;
+  }
+`;
+
+export default function IFrame(props: IFrameProps) {
+  return (
+    <AspectRatioBox>
+      <iframe
+        frameBorder={0}
+        title={props.title}
+        src={props.src}
+        allow={'accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture'}
+        allowFullScreen
+      />
+    </AspectRatioBox>
+  );
+}

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/img.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+export const Img = styled.img`
+  max-width: 100%;
+  margin: 25px auto;
+  display: block;
+`;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/index.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { Code } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { P } from './p';
+import Headings from './heading';
+import { Pre } from './pre';
+import BlockQuote from './blockquote';
+import { Table } from './table';
+import IFrame from './iframe';
+import { Img } from './img';
+import EnrichedLink from './a';
+import { BadgeLink } from './badge-link';
+import { Li, Ul } from './ul';
+import PremiumBlock from './premium-block';
+import { ResourceGroupTitle } from './resource-group-title';
+
+const MdxComponents = {
+  p: P,
+  ...Headings,
+  pre: Pre,
+  blockquote: BlockQuote,
+  a: EnrichedLink,
+  table: Table,
+  iframe: IFrame,
+  img: Img,
+  code: Code,
+  BadgeLink: BadgeLink,
+  ResourceGroupTitle: ResourceGroupTitle,
+  PremiumBlock: PremiumBlock,
+  ul: Ul,
+  li: Li
+};
+
+export default MdxComponents;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/p.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+type EnrichedTextType = {
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+}
+
+export const P = styled.p`
+  line-height: 27px;
+  font-size: 16px;
+  color: black;
+  margin-bottom: 18px;
+`;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/pre.js

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+export const Pre = styled.pre`
+  margin: 25px -25px 25px -25px !important;
+  padding: 20px 25px !important;
+  border-radius: 10px;
+  line-height: 1.5 !important;
+  
+  code {
+    background: transparent;
+  }
+`;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/premium-block.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Box, Button, Heading, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { LockIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+
+type PremiumBlockProps = {
+  title: string;
+  description: string;
+};
+
+export default function PremiumBlock(props: PremiumBlockProps) {
+  return (
+    <Box p='40px' textAlign='center' rounded='5px' mb='18px' bg='gray.50' borderWidth={1}>
+      <LockIcon color='gray.300' height='45px' w='45px' mb='18px' />
+      <Heading as='h3' fontSize='30px' mb='10px'>{props.title}</Heading>
+      <Text mb='18px'>{props.description}</Text>
+      <Button colorScheme='green'>Become a Member</Button>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/resource-group-title.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Heading } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type ResourceGroupTitleProps = {
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+};
+
+export function ResourceGroupTitle(props: ResourceGroupTitleProps) {
+  const { children } = props;
+
+  return <Heading mt='20px' color='gray.800' fontSize='14px' pb='5px' borderBottomWidth={1} textTransform='uppercase' as="h2" mb={'10px'}>{children}</Heading>;
+}

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/table.js

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+export const Table = styled.table`
+  border-collapse: separate;
+  width: 100%;
+  border-spacing: 0;
+  margin: 20px 0;
+
+  th {
+    color: #666;
+    font-size: 12px;
+    font-weight: 400;
+    background: #FAFAFA;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    height: 40px;
+    vertical-align: middle;
+    padding: 5px 10px;
+  }
+
+  td {
+    font-size: 14px;
+    padding: 10px;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #EAEAEA;
+  }
+`;

components/md-renderer/mdx-components/ul.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { UnorderedList } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import styled from 'styled-components';
+
+export const Ul = styled.ul`
+  margin-left: 40px;
+  margin-bottom: 18px;
+  
+  ul {
+    margin-top: 18px;
+  }
+`;
+
+export const Li = styled.li`
+  margin-bottom: 7px;
+`;

components/opensource-banner.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { Box, Container, Heading, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+export function OpensourceBanner() {
+  return (
+    <Box bg='white' borderTopWidth={1} pt={['45px', '45px', '70px']} pb={['60px', '60px', '90px']} textAlign='center'>
+      <Container maxW='container.md'>
+        <Heading fontSize={['25px', '25px', '35px']} mb={['10px', '10px', '20px']}>Open Source</Heading>
+        <Text lineHeight='26px' fontSize={['15px', '15px', '16px']} mb='20px'>The project is OpenSource,&nbsp;
+          <Link
+            _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none' }}
+            href='https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=stars%3A%3E100000&s=stars&type=Repositories'
+            target='_blank'
+            borderBottomWidth={1}
+            fontWeight={600}
+          >6th most starred project on GitHub</Link> and is visited by hundreds of thousands of
+          developers every month.</Text>
+        <iframe
+          src='https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&repo=developer-roadmap&type=star&count=true&size=large'
+          frameBorder='0'
+          scrolling='0'
+          width='170'
+          height='30'
+          style={{ margin: 'auto', marginBottom: '30px' }}
+          title='GitHub'
+        />
+
+        <Text lineHeight={['25px', '25px', '26px']} fontSize={['15px', '15px', '16px']} mb='15px'>A considerable amount of my time is spent doing unpaid
+          community work on things that I hope will help humanity in some way. Your sponsorship helps me continue to
+          produce more open-source and free educational material consumed by hundreds of thousands of developers every
+          month.</Text>
+
+        <Box>
+          <iframe
+            src='https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=kamranahmedse&type=sponsor&size=large'
+            frameBorder='0'
+            scrolling='0'
+            width='260'
+            height='30'
+            title='GitHub'
+            style={{ margin: 'auto' }}
+          />
+        </Box>
+      </Container>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/page-header.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { Badge, Box, Container, Heading, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import React from 'react';
+import siteConfig from '../content/site.json';
+
+type PageHeaderProps = {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  children?: React.ReactNode;
+  beforeTitle?: React.ReactNode;
+};
+
+export function PageHeader(props: PageHeaderProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, children, beforeTitle = null } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box pt={['25px', '20px', '45px']} pb={['20px', '15px', '30px']} borderBottomWidth={1} mb='30px'>
+      <Container maxW='container.md' position='relative'>
+        {beforeTitle}
+        <Heading
+          as='h1'
+          color='black'
+          fontSize={['28px', '33px', '40px']}
+          fontWeight={700}
+          mb={['2px', '2px', '5px']}
+        >
+          {title}
+        </Heading>
+        <Text fontSize={['13px', '14px', '15px']}>{subtitle}</Text>
+      </Container>
+
+      {children && (
+        <Container maxW='container.md'>
+          {children}
+        </Container>
+      )}
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/page-wrapper.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Box } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type PageWrapperProps = {
+  children: React.ReactNode;
+}
+
+export function PageWrapper(props: PageWrapperProps) {
+  const { children } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box bgColor='brand.bg' bgImage='url(/bg.jpg)' bgRepeat='no-repeat' bgSize='100%' w='100%' minH='100vh'>
+      { children }
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/content-drawer.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { Box, Button, Flex, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { RemoveScroll } from 'react-remove-scroll';
+import { RoadmapType } from '../../lib/roadmap';
+import RoadmapGroup from '../../pages/[roadmap]/[group]';
+import { CheckIcon, CloseIcon, RepeatIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+import { queryGroupElementsById } from '../../lib/renderer/utils';
+
+type ContentDrawerProps = {
+  roadmap: RoadmapType;
+  groupId: string;
+  onClose?: () => void;
+};
+
+export function ContentDrawer(props: ContentDrawerProps) {
+  const { roadmap, groupId, onClose = () => null } = props;
+  if (!groupId) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const isDone = localStorage.getItem(groupId) === 'done';
+
+  return (
+    <Box zIndex={99999} pos="relative">
+      <Box
+        onClick={onClose}
+        pos="fixed"
+        top={0}
+        left={0}
+        right={0}
+        bottom={0}
+        bg="black"
+        opacity={0.4}
+      />
+      <RemoveScroll allowPinchZoom>
+        <Box
+          p="0px 30px 30px"
+          position="fixed"
+          w={['100%', '60%', '40%']}
+          bg="white"
+          top={0}
+          right={0}
+          bottom={0}
+          borderLeftWidth={'1px'}
+          overflowY="scroll"
+        >
+          <Flex
+            mt="20px"
+            justifyContent="space-between"
+            alignItems="center"
+            zIndex={1}
+          >
+            {!isDone && (
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => {
+                  localStorage.setItem(groupId, 'done');
+                  queryGroupElementsById(groupId).forEach((item) =>
+                    item?.classList?.add('done')
+                  );
+                  onClose();
+                }}
+                colorScheme="green"
+                leftIcon={<CheckIcon />}
+                size="xs"
+                iconSpacing={0}
+              >
+                <Text
+                  as="span"
+                  d={['block', 'none', 'none', 'block']}
+                  ml="10px"
+                >
+                  Mark as Done
+                </Text>
+              </Button>
+            )}
+            {isDone && (
+              <Button
+                onClick={() => {
+                  localStorage.removeItem(groupId);
+                  queryGroupElementsById(groupId).forEach((item) =>
+                    item?.classList?.remove('done')
+                  );
+                  onClose();
+                }}
+                colorScheme="red"
+                leftIcon={<RepeatIcon />}
+                size="xs"
+                iconSpacing={0}
+              >
+                <Text
+                  as="span"
+                  d={['block', 'none', 'none', 'block']}
+                  ml="10px"
+                >
+                  Mark as Pending
+                </Text>
+              </Button>
+            )}
+            <Button
+              onClick={onClose}
+              colorScheme="yellow"
+              ml="5px"
+              leftIcon={<CloseIcon width="8px" />}
+              iconSpacing={0}
+              size="xs"
+            >
+              <Text as="span" d={['none', 'none', 'none', 'block']} ml="10px">
+                Close
+              </Text>
+            </Button>
+          </Flex>
+          <RoadmapGroup isOutlet roadmap={roadmap} group={groupId} />
+        </Box>
+      </RemoveScroll>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/edit-content-page-link.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import React from 'react';
+import { Box, Button, Divider, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type EditContentPageLinkProps = {
+  href: string;
+};
+
+export function EditContentPageLink(props: EditContentPageLinkProps) {
+  const { href } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box my='30px'>
+      <Divider mb="15px" orientation="horizontal" />
+      <Text
+        lineHeight="23px"
+        fontWeight={500}
+        fontSize="14px"
+        color="gray.500"
+        mb="10px"
+      >
+        This page is a work in progress. Help us by writing a small
+        introduction to the topic and suggesting a few links to read more
+        about this topic.
+      </Text>
+      <Button
+        size="sm"
+        py="20px"
+        as={Link}
+        href={href}
+        target="_blank"
+        isFullWidth
+        colorScheme={'gray'}
+        _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', bg: 'gray.200' }}
+      >
+        Edit this Page
+      </Button>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/home-roadmap-item.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import { Box, Flex, Heading, Link, Text, Tooltip } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { InfoIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+
+type RoadmapGridItemProps = {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  isCommunity?: boolean;
+  isUpcoming?: boolean;
+  colorIndex?: number;
+  url: string;
+};
+
+const bgColorList = [
+  'red.100',
+  'yellow.100',
+  'green.200',
+  'teal.200',
+  'blue.200',
+  'red.200',
+  'gray.200',
+  'teal.200',
+  'yellow.100',
+  'green.200',
+  'red.200',
+];
+
+export function HomeRoadmapItem(props: RoadmapGridItemProps) {
+  const {
+    title,
+    subtitle,
+    isCommunity,
+    colorIndex = 0,
+    url,
+    isUpcoming,
+  } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box
+      as={Link}
+      href={url}
+      _hover={{
+        textDecoration: 'none',
+        bg: 'rgba(255,255,255,.10)',
+      }}
+      sx={{
+        // On mobile devices, don't change the scale
+        '@media (hover: none)': {
+          '&:hover': {
+            bg: 'rgba(255,255,255,.05)',
+          },
+        },
+      }}
+      flex={1}
+      shadow="2xl"
+      className={'home-roadmap-item'}
+      bg={'rgba(255,255,255,.05)'}
+      color="white"
+      p="15px"
+      rounded="10px"
+      pos="relative"
+    >
+      {isCommunity && (
+        <Tooltip label={'Community contribution'} hasArrow placement="top">
+          <InfoIcon opacity={0.5} position="absolute" top="10px" right="10px" />
+        </Tooltip>
+      )}
+
+      <Heading
+        fontSize={['17px', '17px', '22px']}
+        color={bgColorList[colorIndex]}
+        mb="5px"
+      >
+        {title}
+      </Heading>
+      <Text color="gray.200" fontSize={['13px']}>
+        {subtitle}
+      </Text>
+
+      {isUpcoming && (
+        <Flex
+          alignItems="center"
+          justifyContent="center"
+          pos="absolute"
+          left={0}
+          right={0}
+          top={0}
+          bottom={0}
+          rounded="10px"
+        >
+          <Text
+            color="white"
+            bg="gray.600"
+            zIndex={1}
+            fontWeight={600}
+            p={'5px 10px'}
+            rounded="10px"
+          >
+            Upcoming
+          </Text>
+          <Box
+            bg={'black'}
+            pos="absolute"
+            top={0}
+            left={0}
+            right={0}
+            bottom={0}
+            rounded={'10px'}
+            opacity={0.5}
+          />
+        </Flex>
+      )}
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/new-alert-banner.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { Badge, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import siteConfig from '../../content/site.json';
+import { event } from '../../lib/gtag';
+import React from 'react';
+
+export function NewAlertBanner() {
+  return (
+    <Text
+      _hover={{
+        textDecoration: 'none',
+        color: 'blue.700',
+        '& .new-badge': { bg: 'blue.700' },
+      }}
+      as={Link}
+      href={siteConfig.url.youtube}
+      d="block"
+      target="_blank"
+      color="red.700"
+      fontSize="sm"
+      mb="10px"
+      fontWeight={500}
+      onClick={() =>
+        event({
+          category: 'Subscription',
+          action: 'Clicked the YouTube banner',
+          label: 'YouTube Alert on Roadmap',
+        })
+      }
+    >
+      <Badge
+        transition={'all 300ms'}
+        className="new-badge"
+        mr="7px"
+        colorScheme="red"
+        variant="solid"
+      >
+        New
+      </Badge>
+      <Text textDecoration="underline" as="span" d={['none', 'inline']}>
+        Roadmap topics to be covered on our YouTube Channel
+      </Text>
+      <Text textDecoration="underline" as="span" d={['inline', 'none']}>
+        Topic videos being made on YouTube
+      </Text>
+      <Text as="span" ml="5px">
+        &raquo;
+      </Text>
+    </Text>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/roadmap-error.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { RoadmapType } from '../../lib/roadmap';
+import { Container, Heading, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import siteConfig from '../../content/site.json';
+
+type RoadmapProps = {
+  roadmap: RoadmapType;
+};
+
+export function RoadmapError(props: RoadmapProps) {
+  const { roadmap } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Container
+      bg={'red.600'}
+      maxW={'container.md'}
+      position="relative"
+      mt="50px"
+      p='20px'
+      rounded='5px'
+      color='white'
+    >
+      <Heading mb='4px' size='md'>Oops! There&apos;s an error</Heading>
+      <Text>Try refreshing or <Link target='_blank' fontWeight={700} textDecoration={'underline'} fontSize='14px' href={siteConfig.url.issue}>report a bug</Link> and use the <Link fontWeight={700} textDecoration={'underline'} href={`/roadmaps/${roadmap.id}.png`}>non-interactive version</Link></Text>
+    </Container>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/roadmap-grid-item.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { Badge, Box, Flex, Heading, Link, Text, Tooltip } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { InfoIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+
+type RoadmapGridItemProps = {
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  href: string;
+  isCommunity?: boolean;
+  isUpcoming?: boolean;
+  colorIndex?: number;
+};
+
+const bgColorList = [
+  'gray.900',
+  'purple.900',
+  'blue.900',
+  'red.900',
+  'green.900',
+  'teal.900',
+  'yellow.900',
+  'cyan.900',
+  'pink.900',
+
+  'gray.800',
+  'purple.800',
+  'blue.800',
+  'red.800',
+  'green.800',
+  'teal.800',
+  'yellow.800',
+  'cyan.800',
+  'pink.800',
+
+  'gray.700',
+  'purple.700',
+  'blue.700',
+  'red.700',
+  'green.700',
+  'teal.700',
+  'yellow.700',
+  'cyan.700',
+  'pink.700',
+
+  'gray.600',
+  'purple.600',
+  'blue.600',
+  'red.600',
+  'green.600',
+  'teal.600',
+  'yellow.600',
+  'cyan.600',
+  'pink.600'
+];
+
+export function RoadmapGridItem(props: RoadmapGridItemProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, isCommunity = false, isUpcoming = false, colorIndex = 0, href = '/' } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', transform: 'scale(1.02)' }} as={Link} href={href} shadow='xl' p='20px'
+          rounded='10px' bg={bgColorList[colorIndex] ?? bgColorList[0]} flex={1} pos='relative'>
+
+      {isCommunity && (
+        <Tooltip label={'Community contribution'} hasArrow placement='top'>
+          <InfoIcon opacity={0.5} color='gray.100' position='absolute' top='10px' right='10px' />
+        </Tooltip>
+      )}
+
+      <Heading color='white' mb={'6px'} fontSize='20px'>{title}</Heading>
+      <Text color='gray.300' fontSize='14px'>{subtitle}</Text>
+
+      {isUpcoming && (
+        <Flex
+          alignItems='center'
+          justifyContent='center'
+          pos='absolute'
+          left={0}
+          right={0}
+          top={0}
+          bottom={0}
+          rounded='10px'
+        >
+          <Text color='white' bg='yellow.900' zIndex={1} fontWeight={600} p={'5px 10px'}
+                rounded='10px'>Upcoming</Text>
+          <Box bg={'black'} pos='absolute' top={0} left={0} right={0} bottom={0} rounded={'10px'} opacity={0.5} />
+        </Flex>
+      )}
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/roadmap-loader.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { Container, Spinner } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+export function RoadmapLoader() {
+  return (
+    <Container
+      maxW={'container.md'}
+      position="relative"
+      mt="60px"
+      textAlign="center"
+    >
+      <Spinner
+        thickness="7px"
+        speed="0.65s"
+        emptyColor="gray.200"
+        color="gray.500"
+        size="xl"
+      />
+    </Container>
+  );
+}

components/roadmap/roadmap-page-header.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import { isInteractiveRoadmap, RoadmapType } from '../../lib/roadmap';
+import { NewAlertBanner } from './new-alert-banner';
+import {
+  Badge,
+  Box,
+  Button,
+  Container,
+  Flex,
+  Heading,
+  Link,
+  Stack,
+  Text,
+} from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import { AtSignIcon, DownloadIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons';
+import React from 'react';
+
+type RoadmapPageHeaderType = {
+  roadmap: RoadmapType;
+};
+
+export function RoadmapPageHeader(props: RoadmapPageHeaderType) {
+  const { roadmap } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box
+      pt={['25px', '20px', '45px']}
+      pb={['20px', '15px', '30px']}
+      borderBottomWidth={1}
+      mb="30px"
+    >
+      <Container maxW="container.md" position="relative">
+        <NewAlertBanner />
+        <Heading
+          as="h1"
+          color="black"
+          fontSize={['28px', '33px', '40px']}
+          fontWeight={700}
+          mb={['2px', '2px', '5px']}
+        >
+          {roadmap.title}
+        </Heading>
+        <Text fontSize={['13px', '14px', '15px']}>{roadmap.description}</Text>
+        <Flex justifyContent="space-between" alignItems={'center'} mt="20px">
+          <Stack isInline>
+            <Button
+              d={['flex', 'flex']}
+              as={Link}
+              href={'/roadmaps'}
+              size="xs"
+              py="14px"
+              px="10px"
+              colorScheme="teal"
+              variant="solid"
+              _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none' }}
+            >
+              &larr;
+              <Text as="span" d={['none', 'inline']} ml="5px">
+                All Roadmaps
+              </Text>
+            </Button>
+
+            {roadmap.pdfUrl && (
+              <Button
+                as={Link}
+                href={roadmap.pdfUrl}
+                target="_blank"
+                size="xs"
+                py="14px"
+                px="10px"
+                leftIcon={<DownloadIcon />}
+                colorScheme="yellow"
+                variant="solid"
+                _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none' }}
+              >
+                Download
+              </Button>
+            )}
+            <Button
+              as={Link}
+              href={'/signup'}
+              size="xs"
+              py="14px"
+              px="10px"
+              variant="solid"
+              colorScheme="yellow"
+              leftIcon={<AtSignIcon />}
+              _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none' }}
+            >
+              Subscribe
+            </Button>
+          </Stack>
+        </Flex>
+        {isInteractiveRoadmap(roadmap.id) && (
+          <Text
+            mt="30px"
+            mb={['-37px', '-32px', '-47px']}
+            fontWeight={500}
+            fontSize="14px"
+            bg="white"
+            borderWidth={1}
+            p="5px 7px"
+            rounded="3px"
+          >
+            <Badge pos="relative" top={'-1px'} mr="6px" colorScheme="yellow">
+              New
+            </Badge>
+            Resources are here, try clicking any nodes.
+          </Text>
+        )}
+      </Container>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

components/sticky-banner.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { Flex, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+import YouTubeLogo from '../components/icons/youtube.svg';
+import siteConfig from '../content/site.json';
+import { event } from '../lib/gtag';
+
+export function StickyBanner() {
+  return (
+    <Flex as={Link}
+          href={siteConfig.url.youtube}
+          bg={'yellow.200'}
+          color='gray.900'
+          alignItems='center'
+          position='sticky'
+          top={0}
+          zIndex={999}
+          justifyContent='center'
+          py='8px'
+          _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', bg: 'yellow.400' }}
+          target='_blank'
+          onClick={() => event({
+            category: 'Subscription',
+            action: 'Clicked the YouTube banner',
+            label: 'Sticky YouTube banner on Top'
+          })}
+    >
+      <YouTubeLogo style={{ height: '20px', display: 'inline-block', marginRight: '7px' }} />
+      <Text as='span' fontWeight={500} fontSize='14px'>
+        <Text as='span'>We now have a YouTube Channel. <Text as='span' d={['none', 'inline']}>Subscribe for the video
+          content.</Text></Text>
+      </Text>
+    </Flex>
+  );
+}

components/watch/video-grid-item.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { Badge, Box, Heading, Link, Text } from '@chakra-ui/react';
+
+type VideoGridItemProps = {
+  href: string;
+  title: string;
+  subtitle: string;
+  date: string;
+  target?: string;
+  isNew?: boolean;
+  isPro?: boolean;
+  colorIndex?: number;
+};
+
+const bgColorList = [
+  'gray.900',
+  'purple.900',
+  'blue.900',
+  'red.900',
+  'green.900',
+  'teal.900',
+  'yellow.900',
+  'cyan.900',
+  'pink.900',
+
+  'gray.800',
+  'purple.800',
+  'blue.800',
+  'red.800',
+  'green.800',
+  'teal.800',
+  'yellow.800',
+  'cyan.800',
+  'pink.800',
+
+  'gray.700',
+  'purple.700',
+  'blue.700',
+  'red.700',
+  'green.700',
+  'teal.700',
+  'yellow.700',
+  'cyan.700',
+  'pink.700',
+
+  'gray.600',
+  'purple.600',
+  'blue.600',
+  'red.600',
+  'green.600',
+  'teal.600',
+  'yellow.600',
+  'cyan.600',
+  'pink.600'
+];
+
+export function VideoGridItem(props: VideoGridItemProps) {
+  const { title, subtitle, date, isNew = false, isPro = false, colorIndex = 0, href, target } = props;
+
+  return (
+    <Box _hover={{ textDecoration: 'none', transform: 'scale(1.02)' }} as={Link} href={ href } target={target || '_self'} shadow='xl' p='20px'
+          rounded='10px' bg={bgColorList[colorIndex] ?? bgColorList[0]} flex={1}>
+      <Text mb='7px' fontSize='12px' color='gray.400'>
+        {isNew && <Badge colorScheme={'yellow'} mr='10px'>New</Badge>}
+        {isPro && <Badge colorScheme={'blue'} mr='10px'>PRO</Badge>}
+        {date}
+      </Text>
+      <Heading color='white' mb={'6px'} fontSize='20px' lineHeight={'28px'}>{title}</Heading>
+      <Text color='gray.300' fontSize='14px'>{subtitle}</Text>
+    </Box>
+  );
+}

content/authors.json

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+[
+  {
+    "username": "kamranahmedse",
+    "name": "Kamran Ahmed",
+    "twitter": "kamranahmedse",
+    "picture": "/authors/kamranahmedse.jpeg",
+    "bio": "Lead engineer at Tajawal. Lover of all things web and opensource. Created roadmap.sh to help the confused ones."
+  },
+  {
+    "username": "jesse",
+    "name": "Jesse Li",
+    "twitter": "__jesse_li",
+    "picture": "/authors/jesse.png",
+    "bio": "Software engineer."
+  },
+  {
+    "username": "dmytrobol",
+    "name": "Dmytro Bolkachov",
+    "twitter": "dmytrobol",
+    "picture": "/authors/dmytrobol.png",
+    "bio": "JavaScript Lad, Movie buff and coder interested in everything web related"
+  },
+  {
+    "username": "spekulatius",
+    "name": "Peter Thaleikis",
+    "twitter": "spekulatius1984",
+    "picture": "/authors/spekulatius.jpg",
+    "bio": "Developer building side-projects for fun, lover of the web and open source"
+  },
+  {
+    "username": "ebrahimbharmal007",
+    "name": "Ebrahim Bharmal",
+    "twitter": "BharmalEbrahim",
+    "picture": "/authors/ebrahimbharmal007.png",
+    "bio": "Love building projects using tools completely new to me. Python forever. Senior at University of Texas at Arlington (2021)"
+  },
+  {
+    "username": "lesovsky",
+    "name": "Alexey Lesovsky",
+    "bio": "Linux system administrator and PostgreSQL DBA at DataEgret.",
+    "picture": "/authors/lesovsky.jpeg"
+  }
+]

content/guides.json

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+[
+  {
+    "id": "avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer",
+    "title": "Async and Defer Script Loading",
+    "description": "Learn how to avoid render blocking JavaScript using async and defer scripts.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-09-10T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-09-10T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "what-are-web-vitals",
+    "title": "What are Web Vitals?",
+    "description": "Learn what are the core web vitals and how to measure them.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-09-05T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-09-05T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "what-is-sli-slo-sla",
+    "title": "SLIs, SLOs and SLAs",
+    "description": "Learn what are different indicators for performance identification of any service.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-08-31T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-08-31T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "ci-cd",
+    "title": "What is CI and CD?",
+    "description": "Learn the basics of CI/CD and how to implement that with GitHub Actions.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-07-09T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-07-09T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "sso",
+    "title": "SSO — Single Sign On",
+    "description": "Learn the basics of SAML and understand how does Single Sign On work.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-07-01T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-07-01T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "oauth",
+    "title": "OAuth — Open Authorization",
+    "description": "Learn and understand what is OAuth and how it works",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-06-28T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-06-28T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "jwt-authentication",
+    "title": "JWT Authentication",
+    "description": "Understand what is JWT authentication and how is it implemented",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-06-20T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-06-20T19:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "token-authentication",
+    "title": "Token Based Authentication",
+    "description": "Understand what is token based authentication and how it is implemented",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-06-02T20:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-06-02T20:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "session-authentication",
+    "title": "Session Based Authentication",
+    "description": "Understand what is session based authentication and how it is implemented",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-05-26T20:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-05-26T20:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "basic-authentication",
+    "title": "Basic Authentication",
+    "description": "Understand what is basic authentication and how it is implemented",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-05-19T20:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-05-19T20:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "character-encodings",
+    "title": "Character Encodings",
+    "description": "Covers the basics of character encodings and explains ASCII vs Unicode",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-05-14T20:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-05-14T20:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "unfamiliar-codebase",
+    "title": "Unfamiliar Codebase",
+    "description": "Tips on getting getting familiar with an unfamiliar codebase",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-05-04T20:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-05-04T20:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "why-build-it-and-they-will-come-wont-work-anymore",
+    "title": "Build it and they will come?",
+    "description": "Why “build it and they will come” alone won’t work anymore",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "spekulatius",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-05-04T12:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-05-04T12:59:14.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "dhcp-in-one-picture",
+    "title": "DHCP in One Picture",
+    "description": "Here is what happens when a new device joins the network.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-04-28T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-04-28T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "ssl-tls-https-ssh",
+    "title": "SSL vs TLS vs SSH",
+    "description": "Quick tidbit on the differences between SSL, TLS, HTTPS and SSH",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-04-22T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-04-22T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "asymptotic-notation",
+    "title": "Asymptotic Notation",
+    "description": "Learn the basics of measuring the time and space complexity of algorithms",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-04-03T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-04-03T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "big-o-notation",
+    "title": "Big-O Notation",
+    "description": "Easy to understand explanation of Big-O notation without any fancy terms",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-03-15T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-03-15T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "random-numbers",
+    "title": "Random Numbers: Are they?",
+    "description": "Learn how they are generated and why they may not be truly random.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-03-14T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-03-14T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "scaling-databases",
+    "title": "Scaling Databases",
+    "description": "Learn the ups and downs of different database scaling strategies",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-02-18T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-02-18T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "what-is-internet",
+    "title": "How does the internet work?",
+    "description": "Learn the basics of internet and everything involved with this short video series",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "dmytrobol",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-02-29T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-02-29T15:48:21.191Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "torrent-client",
+    "title": "Building a BitTorrent Client",
+    "description": "Learn everything you need to know about BitTorrent by writing a client in Go",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "jesse",
+    "updatedAt": "2021-01-17T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2021-01-17T15:48:21.191Z",
+    "canonical": "https://blog.jse.li/posts/torrent/"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "levels-of-seniority",
+    "title": "Levels of Seniority",
+    "description": "How to Step Up as a Junior, Mid Level or a Senior Developer?",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2020-12-03T12:13:00.860Z",
+    "createdAt": "2020-12-03T12:13:00.860Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "design-patterns-for-humans",
+    "title": "Design Patterns for Humans",
+    "description": "A language agnostic, ultra-simplified explanation to design patterns",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2019-10-09T12:00:00.860Z",
+    "createdAt": "2019-01-23T17:00:00.860Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "journey-to-http2",
+    "title": "Journey to HTTP/2",
+    "description": "The evolution of HTTP. How it all started and where we stand today",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "createdAt": "2018-12-04T12:00:00.860Z",
+    "updatedAt": "2018-12-04T12:00:00.860Z",
+    "isDraft": true
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "dns-in-one-picture",
+    "title": "DNS in One Picture",
+    "description": "Quick illustrative guide on how a website is found on the internet.",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2018-12-04T12:00:00.860Z",
+    "createdAt": "2018-12-04T17:00:00.860Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "http-caching",
+    "title": "HTTP Caching",
+    "description": "Everything you need to know about web caching",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "createdAt": "2018-11-29T17:00:00.860Z",
+    "updatedAt": "2018-11-29T17:00:00.860Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "history-of-javascript",
+    "title": "Brief History of JavaScript",
+    "description": "How JavaScript was introduced and evolved over the years",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "kamranahmedse",
+    "createdAt": "2017-10-28T17:00:00.860Z",
+    "updatedAt": "2017-10-28T17:00:00.860Z"
+  },
+  {
+    "id": "proxy-servers",
+    "title": "Proxy Servers",
+    "description": "How do proxy servers work and what are forward and reverse proxies?",
+    "isPro": false,
+    "authorUsername": "ebrahimbharmal007",
+    "createdAt": "2017-10-24T17:00:00.860Z",
+    "updatedAt": "2017-10-24T17:00:00.860Z"
+  }
+]

content/guides/asymptotic-notation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+export const guideMeta = {
+    "title": "WebStorm — Project History",
+    "description": "Learn how to peek through the history of any git repository to learn how it grew.",
+    "url": "/guides/project-history",
+    "fileName": "project-history",
+    "featured": true,
+    "author": "kamranahmedse",
+    "updatedAt": "2020-07-16T19:59:14.191Z",
+    "createdAt": "2020-07-16T19:59:14.191Z"
+};
+
+Asymptotic notation is the standard way of measuring the time and space that an algorithm will consume as the input grows. In one of my last guides, I covered "Big-O notation" and a lot of you asked for a similar one for Asymptotic notation. You can find the [previous guide here](/guides/big-o-notation).
+
+[![](/guides/asymptotic-notation.png)](/guides/asymptotic-notation.png)
+

content/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[![](/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.png)](/guides/avoid-render-blocking-javascript-with-async-defer.png)
+

content/guides/basic-authentication.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[![](/guides/basic-authentication.png)](/guides/basic-authentication.png)
+

content/guides/big-o-notation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Big-O notation is the mathematical notation that helps analyse the algorithms to get an idea about how they might perform as the input grows. The image below explains Big-O in a simple way without using any fancy terminology. 
+
+[![](/guides/big-o-notation.png)](/guides/big-o-notation.png)
+

content/guides/character-encodings.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[![](/guides/character-encodings.png)](/guides/character-encodings.png)
+

content/guides/ci-cd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+The image below details the differences between the continuous integration and continuous delivery. Also, here is the [accompanying video on implementing that with GitHub actions](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyKZTKQS_EQ).
+
+[![](/guides/ci-cd.png)](/guides/ci-cd.png)
+

content/guides/design-patterns-for-humans.md

@@ -1,22 +1,3 @@
----
-title: 'Design Patterns for Humans'
-description: 'A language agnostic, ultra-simplified explanation to design patterns'
-authorId: 'kamran'
-seo:
-  title: 'Design Patterns for Humans - roadmap.sh'
-  description: 'A language agnostic, ultra-simplified explanation to design patterns'
-isNew: false
-type: 'textual'
-date: 2019-01-23
-sitemap:
-  priority: 0.7
-  changefreq: 'weekly'
-tags:
-  - 'guide'
-  - 'textual-guide'
-  - 'guide-sitemap'
----
-
 Design patterns are solutions to recurring problems; **guidelines on how to tackle certain problems**. They are not classes, packages or libraries that you can plug into your application and wait for the magic to happen. These are, rather, guidelines on how to tackle certain problems in certain situations.
 
 > Design patterns are solutions to recurring problems; guidelines on how to tackle certain problems
@@ -30,7 +11,7 @@ Wikipedia describes them as
 Developers, mostly beginners, make the mistake of over-thinking and forcing the design patterns which results in a horrible un-maintainable mess. The rule of thumb is to keep the codebase as simple as possible, once you start developing, you will start to see the patterns repeating in the codebase in which case you can go ahead and implement the relevant design patterns.
 
 - Design patterns are not a silver bullet to all your problems.
-- Do not try to force them; bad things are supposed to happen, if done so.
+- Do not try to force them; bad things are supposed to happen, if done so. 
 - Keep in mind that design patterns are solutions **to** problems, not solutions **finding** problems; so don't overthink.
 - If used in a correct place in a correct manner, they can prove to be a savior; or else they can result in a horrible mess of a code.
 
@@ -40,47 +21,41 @@ Developers, mostly beginners, make the mistake of over-thinking and forcing the
 
 This guide is about Gang of Four (GoF) design patterns, which refers to the four authors of [the book which introduced these design patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Patterns). There are three types of design patterns:
 
-- [Creational](#creational-design-patterns)
-- [Structural](#structural-design-patterns)
-- [Behavioral](#behavioral-design-patterns)
+* [Creational](#creational-design-patterns)
+* [Structural](#structural-design-patterns)
+* [Behavioral](#behavioral-design-patterns)
 
 ## Creational Design Patterns
 
 In plain words
-
 > Creational patterns are focused towards how to instantiate an object or group of related objects.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or added complexity to the design. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.
 
 There are 6 types of Creational patterns
 
-- [Simple Factory](#-simple-factory)
-- [Factory Method](#-factory-method)
-- [Abstract Factory](#-abstract-factory)
-- [Builder](#-builder)
-- [Prototype](#-prototype)
-- [Singleton](#-singleton)
-
-## 🏠 Simple Factory
+ * [Simple Factory](#-simple-factory)
+ * [Factory Method](#-factory-method)
+ * [Abstract Factory](#-abstract-factory)
+ * [Builder](#-builder)
+ * [Prototype](#-prototype)
+ * [Singleton](#-singleton)
 
+🏠 Simple Factory
+--------------
 Real world example
-
 > Consider, you are building a house and you need doors. You can either put on your carpenter clothes, bring some wood, glue, nails and all the tools required to build the door and start building it in your house or you can simply call the factory and get the built door delivered to you so that you don't need to learn anything about the door making or to deal with the mess that comes with making it.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Simple factory simply generates an instance for client without exposing any instantiation logic to the client
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented programming (OOP), a factory is an object for creating other objects – formally a factory is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class from some method call, which is assumed to be "new".
 
 **Programmatic Example**
 
 First of all we have a door interface and the implementation
-
 ```php
 interface Door
 {
@@ -110,9 +85,7 @@ class WoodenDoor implements Door
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have our door factory that makes the door and returns it
-
 ```php
 class DoorFactory
 {
@@ -122,9 +95,7 @@ class DoorFactory
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 // Make me a door of 100x200
 $door = DoorFactory::makeDoor(100, 200);
@@ -140,21 +111,19 @@ $door2 = DoorFactory::makeDoor(50, 100);
 
 When creating an object is not just a few assignments and involves some logic, it makes sense to put it in a dedicated factory instead of repeating the same code everywhere.
 
-## 🏭 Factory Method
+🏭 Factory Method
+--------------
 
 Real world example
-
 > Consider the case of a hiring manager. It is impossible for one person to interview for each of the positions. Based on the job opening, she has to decide and delegate the interview steps to different people.
 
 In plain words
-
 > It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In class-based programming, the factory method pattern is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.
 
-**Programmatic Example**
+ **Programmatic Example**
 
 Taking our hiring manager example above. First of all we have an interviewer interface and some implementations for it
 
@@ -198,9 +167,7 @@ abstract class HiringManager
 }
 
 ```
-
 Now any child can extend it and provide the required interviewer
-
 ```php
 class DevelopmentManager extends HiringManager
 {
@@ -218,7 +185,6 @@ class MarketingManager extends HiringManager
     }
 }
 ```
-
 and then it can be used as
 
 ```php
@@ -233,18 +199,16 @@ $marketingManager->takeInterview(); // Output: Asking about community building.
 
 Useful when there is some generic processing in a class but the required sub-class is dynamically decided at runtime. Or putting it in other words, when the client doesn't know what exact sub-class it might need.
 
-## 🔨 Abstract Factory
+🔨 Abstract Factory
+----------------
 
 Real world example
-
 > Extending our door example from Simple Factory. Based on your needs you might get a wooden door from a wooden door shop, iron door from an iron shop or a PVC door from the relevant shop. Plus you might need a guy with different kind of specialities to fit the door, for example a carpenter for wooden door, welder for iron door etc. As you can see there is a dependency between the doors now, wooden door needs carpenter, iron door needs a welder etc.
 
 In plain words
-
 > A factory of factories; a factory that groups the individual but related/dependent factories together without specifying their concrete classes.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The abstract factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -273,7 +237,6 @@ class IronDoor implements Door
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have some fitting experts for each door type
 
 ```php
@@ -300,7 +263,6 @@ class Carpenter implements DoorFittingExpert
 ```
 
 Now we have our abstract factory that would let us make family of related objects i.e. wooden door factory would create a wooden door and wooden door fitting expert and iron door factory would create an iron door and iron door fitting expert
-
 ```php
 interface DoorFactory
 {
@@ -336,9 +298,7 @@ class IronDoorFactory implements DoorFactory
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 $woodenFactory = new WoodenDoorFactory();
 
@@ -358,24 +318,20 @@ $door->getDescription();  // Output: I am an iron door
 $expert->getDescription(); // Output: I can only fit iron doors
 ```
 
-As you can see the wooden door factory has encapsulated the `carpenter` and the `wooden door` also iron door factory has encapsulated the `iron door` and `welder`. And thus it had helped us make sure that for each of the created door, we do not get a wrong fitting expert.
+As you can see the wooden door factory has encapsulated the `carpenter` and the `wooden door` also iron door factory has encapsulated the `iron door` and `welder`. And thus it had helped us make sure that for each of the created door, we do not get a wrong fitting expert.   
 
 **When to use?**
 
 When there are interrelated dependencies with not-that-simple creation logic involved
 
 ## 👷 Builder
-
 Real world example
-
-> Imagine you are at Hardee's and you order a specific deal, lets say, "Big Hardee" and they hand it over to you without _any questions_; this is the example of simple factory. But there are cases when the creation logic might involve more steps. For example you want a customized Subway deal, you have several options in how your burger is made e.g what bread do you want? what types of sauces would you like? What cheese would you want? etc. In such cases builder pattern comes to the rescue.
+> Imagine you are at Hardee's and you order a specific deal, lets say, "Big Hardee" and they hand it over to you without *any questions*; this is the example of simple factory. But there are cases when the creation logic might involve more steps. For example you want a customized Subway deal, you have several options in how your burger is made e.g what bread do you want? what types of sauces would you like? What cheese would you want? etc. In such cases builder pattern comes to the rescue.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Allows you to create different flavors of an object while avoiding constructor pollution. Useful when there could be several flavors of an object. Or when there are a lot of steps involved in creation of an object.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The builder pattern is an object creation software design pattern with the intentions of finding a solution to the telescoping constructor anti-pattern.
 
 Having said that let me add a bit about what telescoping constructor anti-pattern is. At one point or the other we have all seen a constructor like below:
@@ -460,7 +416,6 @@ class BurgerBuilder
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as:
 
 ```php
@@ -475,18 +430,15 @@ $burger = (new BurgerBuilder(14))
 
 When there could be several flavors of an object and to avoid the constructor telescoping. The key difference from the factory pattern is that; factory pattern is to be used when the creation is a one step process while builder pattern is to be used when the creation is a multi step process.
 
-## 🐑 Prototype
-
+🐑 Prototype
+------------
 Real world example
-
 > Remember dolly? The sheep that was cloned! Lets not get into the details but the key point here is that it is all about cloning
 
 In plain words
-
 > Create object based on an existing object through cloning.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The prototype pattern is a creational design pattern in software development. It is used when the type of objects to create is determined by a prototypical instance, which is cloned to produce new objects.
 
 In short, it allows you to create a copy of an existing object and modify it to your needs, instead of going through the trouble of creating an object from scratch and setting it up.
@@ -528,9 +480,7 @@ class Sheep
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then it can be cloned like below
-
 ```php
 $original = new Sheep('Jolly');
 echo $original->getName(); // Jolly
@@ -549,18 +499,15 @@ Also you could use the magic method `__clone` to modify the cloning behavior.
 
 When an object is required that is similar to existing object or when the creation would be expensive as compared to cloning.
 
-## 💍 Singleton
-
+💍 Singleton
+------------
 Real world example
-
 > There can only be one president of a country at a time. The same president has to be brought to action, whenever duty calls. President here is singleton.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Ensures that only one object of a particular class is ever created.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one object. This is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across the system.
 
 Singleton pattern is actually considered an anti-pattern and overuse of it should be avoided. It is not necessarily bad and could have some valid use-cases but should be used with caution because it introduces a global state in your application and change to it in one place could affect in the other areas and it could become pretty difficult to debug. The other bad thing about them is it makes your code tightly coupled plus mocking the singleton could be difficult.
@@ -568,7 +515,6 @@ Singleton pattern is actually considered an anti-pattern and overuse of it shoul
 **Programmatic Example**
 
 To create a singleton, make the constructor private, disable cloning, disable extension and create a static variable to house the instance
-
 ```php
 final class President
 {
@@ -599,9 +545,7 @@ final class President
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then in order to use
-
 ```php
 $president1 = President::getInstance();
 $president2 = President::getInstance();
@@ -610,39 +554,33 @@ var_dump($president1 === $president2); // true
 ```
 
 ## Structural Design Patterns
-
 In plain words
-
 > Structural patterns are mostly concerned with object composition or in other words how the entities can use each other. Or yet another explanation would be, they help in answering "How to build a software component?"
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships between entities.
 
 There are 7 types of structural patterns
 
-- [Adapter](#-adapter)
-- [Bridge](#-bridge)
-- [Composite](#-composite)
-- [Decorator](#-decorator)
-- [Facade](#-facade)
-- [Flyweight](#-flyweight)
-- [Proxy](#-proxy)
-
-## 🔌 Adapter
+ * [Adapter](#-adapter)
+ * [Bridge](#-bridge)
+ * [Composite](#-composite)
+ * [Decorator](#-decorator)
+ * [Facade](#-facade)
+ * [Flyweight](#-flyweight)
+ * [Proxy](#-proxy)
 
+🔌 Adapter
+-------
 Real world example
-
 > Consider that you have some pictures in your memory card and you need to transfer them to your computer. In order to transfer them you need some kind of adapter that is compatible with your computer ports so that you can attach memory card to your computer. In this case card reader is an adapter.
 > Another example would be the famous power adapter; a three legged plug can't be connected to a two pronged outlet, it needs to use a power adapter that makes it compatible with the two pronged outlet.
 > Yet another example would be a translator translating words spoken by one person to another
 
 In plain words
-
 > Adapter pattern lets you wrap an otherwise incompatible object in an adapter to make it compatible with another class.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -671,9 +609,7 @@ class AsianLion implements Lion
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And hunter expects any implementation of `Lion` interface to hunt.
-
 ```php
 class Hunter
 {
@@ -711,7 +647,6 @@ class WildDogAdapter implements Lion
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And now the `WildDog` can be used in our game using `WildDogAdapter`.
 
 ```php
@@ -722,20 +657,17 @@ $hunter = new Hunter();
 $hunter->hunt($wildDogAdapter);
 ```
 
-## 🚡 Bridge
-
+🚡 Bridge
+------
 Real world example
-
 > Consider you have a website with different pages and you are supposed to allow the user to change the theme. What would you do? Create multiple copies of each of the pages for each of the themes or would you just create separate theme and load them based on the user's preferences? Bridge pattern allows you to do the second i.e.
 
 ![With and without the bridge pattern](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/11269635/23065293/33b7aea0-f515-11e6-983f-98823c9845ee.png)
 
 In Plain Words
-
 > Bridge pattern is about preferring composition over inheritance. Implementation details are pushed from a hierarchy to another object with a separate hierarchy.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering that is meant to "decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently"
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -779,9 +711,7 @@ class Careers implements WebPage
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And the separate theme hierarchy
-
 ```php
 
 interface Theme
@@ -811,9 +741,7 @@ class AquaTheme implements Theme
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And both the hierarchies
-
 ```php
 $darkTheme = new DarkTheme();
 
@@ -827,15 +755,12 @@ echo $careers->getContent(); // "Careers page in Dark Black";
 ## 🌿 Composite
 
 Real world example
-
 > Every organization is composed of employees. Each of the employees has the same features i.e. has a salary, has some responsibilities, may or may not report to someone, may or may not have some subordinates etc.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Composite pattern lets clients treat the individual objects in a uniform manner.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, the composite pattern is a partitioning design pattern. The composite pattern describes that a group of objects is to be treated in the same way as a single instance of an object. The intent of a composite is to "compose" objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Implementing the composite pattern lets clients treat individual objects and compositions uniformly.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -857,7 +782,7 @@ class Developer implements Employee
     protected $salary;
     protected $name;
     protected $roles;
-
+    
     public function __construct(string $name, float $salary)
     {
         $this->name = $name;
@@ -959,18 +884,17 @@ $organization->addEmployee($jane);
 echo "Net salaries: " . $organization->getNetSalaries(); // Net Salaries: 27000
 ```
 
-## ☕ Decorator
+☕ Decorator
+-------------
 
 Real world example
 
 > Imagine you run a car service shop offering multiple services. Now how do you calculate the bill to be charged? You pick one service and dynamically keep adding to it the prices for the provided services till you get the final cost. Here each type of service is a decorator.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Decorator pattern lets you dynamically change the behavior of an object at run time by wrapping them in an object of a decorator class.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented programming, the decorator pattern is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, either statically or dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class. The decorator pattern is often useful for adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle, as it allows functionality to be divided between classes with unique areas of concern.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -997,9 +921,7 @@ class SimpleCoffee implements Coffee
     }
 }
 ```
-
 We want to make the code extensible to allow options to modify it if required. Lets make some add-ons (decorators)
-
 ```php
 class MilkCoffee implements Coffee
 {
@@ -1082,18 +1004,16 @@ echo $someCoffee->getCost(); // 20
 echo $someCoffee->getDescription(); // Simple Coffee, milk, whip, vanilla
 ```
 
-## 📦 Facade
+📦 Facade
+----------------
 
 Real world example
-
 > How do you turn on the computer? "Hit the power button" you say! That is what you believe because you are using a simple interface that computer provides on the outside, internally it has to do a lot of stuff to make it happen. This simple interface to the complex subsystem is a facade.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Facade pattern provides a simplified interface to a complex subsystem.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > A facade is an object that provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -1139,9 +1059,7 @@ class Computer
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Here we have the facade
-
 ```php
 class ComputerFacade
 {
@@ -1168,27 +1086,23 @@ class ComputerFacade
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Now to use the facade
-
 ```php
 $computer = new ComputerFacade(new Computer());
 $computer->turnOn(); // Ouch! Beep beep! Loading.. Ready to be used!
 $computer->turnOff(); // Bup bup buzzz! Haah! Zzzzz
 ```
 
-## 🍃 Flyweight
+🍃 Flyweight
+---------
 
 Real world example
-
 > Did you ever have fresh tea from some stall? They often make more than one cup that you demanded and save the rest for any other customer so to save the resources e.g. gas etc. Flyweight pattern is all about that i.e. sharing.
 
 In plain words
-
 > It is used to minimize memory usage or computational expenses by sharing as much as possible with similar objects.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In computer programming, flyweight is a software design pattern. A flyweight is an object that minimizes memory use by sharing as much data as possible with other similar objects; it is a way to use objects in large numbers when a simple repeated representation would use an unacceptable amount of memory.
 
 **Programmatic example**
@@ -1244,7 +1158,6 @@ class TeaShop
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And it can be used as below
 
 ```php
@@ -1262,17 +1175,13 @@ $shop->serve();
 ```
 
 ## 🎱 Proxy
-
 Real world example
-
 > Have you ever used an access card to go through a door? There are multiple options to open that door i.e. it can be opened either using access card or by pressing a button that bypasses the security. The door's main functionality is to open but there is a proxy added on top of it to add some functionality. Let me better explain it using the code example below.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Using the proxy pattern, a class represents the functionality of another class.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > A proxy, in its most general form, is a class functioning as an interface to something else. A proxy is a wrapper or agent object that is being called by the client to access the real serving object behind the scenes. Use of the proxy can simply be forwarding to the real object, or can provide additional logic. In the proxy extra functionality can be provided, for example caching when operations on the real object are resource intensive, or checking preconditions before operations on the real object are invoked.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -1299,9 +1208,7 @@ class LabDoor implements Door
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have a proxy to secure any doors that we want
-
 ```php
 class SecuredDoor
 {
@@ -1332,9 +1239,7 @@ class SecuredDoor
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And here is how it can be used
-
 ```php
 $door = new SecuredDoor(new LabDoor());
 $door->open('invalid'); // Big no! It ain't possible.
@@ -1342,44 +1247,38 @@ $door->open('invalid'); // Big no! It ain't possible.
 $door->open('$ecr@t'); // Opening lab door
 $door->close(); // Closing lab door
 ```
-
 Yet another example would be some sort of data-mapper implementation. For example, I recently made an ODM (Object Data Mapper) for MongoDB using this pattern where I wrote a proxy around mongo classes while utilizing the magic method `__call()`. All the method calls were proxied to the original mongo class and result retrieved was returned as it is but in case of `find` or `findOne` data was mapped to the required class objects and the object was returned instead of `Cursor`.
 
 ## Behavioral Design Patterns
 
 In plain words
-
 > It is concerned with assignment of responsibilities between the objects. What makes them different from structural patterns is they don't just specify the structure but also outline the patterns for message passing/communication between them. Or in other words, they assist in answering "How to run a behavior in software component?"
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns. By doing so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out this communication.
 
 There are 10 types of behavioral design patterns
 
-- [Chain of Responsibility](#-chain-of-responsibility)
-- [Command](#-command)
-- [Iterator](#-iterator)
-- [Mediator](#-mediator)
-- [Memento](#-memento)
-- [Observer](#-observer)
-- [Visitor](#-visitor)
-- [Strategy](#-strategy)
-- [State](#-state)
-- [Template Method](#-template-method)
+* [Chain of Responsibility](#-chain-of-responsibility)
+* [Command](#-command)
+* [Iterator](#-iterator)
+* [Mediator](#-mediator)
+* [Memento](#-memento)
+* [Observer](#-observer)
+* [Visitor](#-visitor)
+* [Strategy](#-strategy)
+* [State](#-state)
+* [Template Method](#-template-method)
 
 ## 🔗 Chain of Responsibility
 
 Real world example
-
 > For example, you have three payment methods (`A`, `B` and `C`) setup in your account; each having a different amount in it. `A` has 100 USD, `B` has 300 USD and `C` having 1000 USD and the preference for payments is chosen as `A` then `B` then `C`. You try to purchase something that is worth 210 USD. Using Chain of Responsibility, first of all account `A` will be checked if it can make the purchase, if yes purchase will be made and the chain will be broken. If not, request will move forward to account `B` checking for amount if yes chain will be broken otherwise the request will keep forwarding till it finds the suitable handler. Here `A`, `B` and `C` are links of the chain and the whole phenomenon is Chain of Responsibility.
 
 In plain words
-
 > It helps building a chain of objects. Request enters from one end and keeps going from object to object till it finds the suitable handler.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented design, the chain-of-responsibility pattern is a design pattern consisting of a source of command objects and a series of processing objects. Each processing object contains logic that defines the types of command objects that it can handle; the rest are passed to the next processing object in the chain.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -1473,25 +1372,22 @@ $bank->pay(259);
 // Paid 259 using Bitcoin!
 ```
 
-## 👮 Command
+👮 Command
+-------
 
 Real world example
-
 > A generic example would be you ordering food at a restaurant. You (i.e. `Client`) ask the waiter (i.e. `Invoker`) to bring some food (i.e. `Command`) and waiter simply forwards the request to Chef (i.e. `Receiver`) who has the knowledge of what and how to cook.
 > Another example would be you (i.e. `Client`) switching on (i.e. `Command`) the television (i.e. `Receiver`) using a remote control (`Invoker`).
 
 In plain words
-
 > Allows you to encapsulate actions in objects. The key idea behind this pattern is to provide the means to decouple client from receiver.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
 
 First of all we have the receiver that has the implementation of every action that could be performed
-
 ```php
 // Receiver
 class Bulb
@@ -1507,9 +1403,7 @@ class Bulb
     }
 }
 ```
-
 then we have an interface that each of the commands are going to implement and then we have a set of commands
-
 ```php
 interface Command
 {
@@ -1569,9 +1463,7 @@ class TurnOff implements Command
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have an `Invoker` with whom the client will interact to process any commands
-
 ```php
 // Invoker
 class RemoteControl
@@ -1582,9 +1474,7 @@ class RemoteControl
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Finally let's see how we can use it in our client
-
 ```php
 $bulb = new Bulb();
 
@@ -1598,18 +1488,16 @@ $remote->submit($turnOff); // Darkness!
 
 Command pattern can also be used to implement a transaction based system. Where you keep maintaining the history of commands as soon as you execute them. If the final command is successfully executed, all good otherwise just iterate through the history and keep executing the `undo` on all the executed commands.
 
-## ➿ Iterator
+➿ Iterator
+--------
 
 Real world example
-
-> An old radio set will be a good example of iterator, where user could start at some channel and then use next or previous buttons to go through the respective channels. Or take an example of MP3 player or a TV set where you could press the next and previous buttons to go through the consecutive channels or in other words they all provide an interface to iterate through the respective channels, songs or radio stations.
+> An old radio set will be a good example of iterator, where user could start at some channel and then use next or previous buttons to go through the respective channels. Or take an example of MP3 player or a TV set where you could press the next and previous buttons to go through the consecutive channels or in other words they all provide an interface to iterate through the respective channels, songs or radio stations.  
 
 In plain words
-
 > It presents a way to access the elements of an object without exposing the underlying presentation.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.
 
 **Programmatic example**
@@ -1632,7 +1520,6 @@ class RadioStation
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have our iterator
 
 ```php
@@ -1691,9 +1578,7 @@ class StationList implements Countable, Iterator
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 $stationList = new StationList();
 
@@ -1709,18 +1594,16 @@ foreach($stationList as $station) {
 $stationList->removeStation(new RadioStation(89)); // Will remove station 89
 ```
 
-## 👽 Mediator
+👽 Mediator
+--------
 
 Real world example
-
 > A general example would be when you talk to someone on your mobile phone, there is a network provider sitting between you and them and your conversation goes through it instead of being directly sent. In this case network provider is mediator.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Mediator pattern adds a third party object (called mediator) to control the interaction between two objects (called colleagues). It helps reduce the coupling between the classes communicating with each other. Because now they don't need to have the knowledge of each other's implementation.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. This pattern is considered to be a behavioral pattern due to the way it can alter the program's running behavior.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -1730,7 +1613,7 @@ Here is the simplest example of a chat room (i.e. mediator) with users (i.e. col
 First of all, we have the mediator i.e. the chat room
 
 ```php
-interface ChatRoomMediator
+interface ChatRoomMediator 
 {
     public function showMessage(User $user, string $message);
 }
@@ -1749,7 +1632,6 @@ class ChatRoom implements ChatRoomMediator
 ```
 
 Then we have our users i.e. colleagues
-
 ```php
 class User {
     protected $name;
@@ -1769,9 +1651,7 @@ class User {
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And the usage
-
 ```php
 $mediator = new ChatRoom();
 
@@ -1786,18 +1666,15 @@ $jane->send('Hey!');
 // Feb 14, 10:58 [Jane]: Hey!
 ```
 
-## 💾 Memento
-
+💾 Memento
+-------
 Real world example
-
 > Take the example of calculator (i.e. originator), where whenever you perform some calculation the last calculation is saved in memory (i.e. memento) so that you can get back to it and maybe get it restored using some action buttons (i.e. caretaker).
 
 In plain words
-
 > Memento pattern is about capturing and storing the current state of an object in a manner that it can be restored later on in a smooth manner.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The memento pattern is a software design pattern that provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state (undo via rollback).
 
 Usually useful when you need to provide some sort of undo functionality.
@@ -1878,24 +1755,20 @@ $editor->restore($saved);
 $editor->getContent(); // This is the first sentence. This is second.
 ```
 
-## 😎 Observer
-
+😎 Observer
+--------
 Real world example
-
-> A good example would be the job seekers where they subscribe to some job posting site and they are notified whenever there is a matching job opportunity.
+> A good example would be the job seekers where they subscribe to some job posting site and they are notified whenever there is a matching job opportunity.   
 
 In plain words
-
 > Defines a dependency between objects so that whenever an object changes its state, all its dependents are notified.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods.
 
 **Programmatic example**
 
 Translating our example from above. First of all we have job seekers that need to be notified for a job posting
-
 ```php
 class JobPost
 {
@@ -1928,9 +1801,7 @@ class JobSeeker implements Observer
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have our job postings to which the job seekers will subscribe
-
 ```php
 class EmploymentAgency implements Observable
 {
@@ -1954,9 +1825,7 @@ class EmploymentAgency implements Observable
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 // Create subscribers
 $johnDoe = new JobSeeker('John Doe');
@@ -1975,18 +1844,15 @@ $jobPostings->addJob(new JobPost('Software Engineer'));
 // Hi Jane Doe! New job posted: Software Engineer
 ```
 
-## 🏃 Visitor
-
+🏃 Visitor
+-------
 Real world example
-
 > Consider someone visiting Dubai. They just need a way (i.e. visa) to enter Dubai. After arrival, they can come and visit any place in Dubai on their own without having to ask for permission or to do some leg work in order to visit any place here; just let them know of a place and they can visit it. Visitor pattern lets you do just that, it helps you add places to visit so that they can visit as much as they can without having to do any legwork.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Visitor pattern lets you add further operations to objects without having to modify them.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In object-oriented programming and software engineering, the visitor design pattern is a way of separating an algorithm from an object structure on which it operates. A practical result of this separation is the ability to add new operations to existing object structures without modifying those structures. It is one way to follow the open/closed principle.
 
 **Programmatic example**
@@ -2008,9 +1874,7 @@ interface AnimalOperation
     public function visitDolphin(Dolphin $dolphin);
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have our implementations for the animals
-
 ```php
 class Monkey implements Animal
 {
@@ -2051,9 +1915,7 @@ class Dolphin implements Animal
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Let's implement our visitor
-
 ```php
 class Speak implements AnimalOperation
 {
@@ -2075,7 +1937,6 @@ class Speak implements AnimalOperation
 ```
 
 And then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 $monkey = new Monkey();
 $lion = new Lion();
@@ -2083,11 +1944,10 @@ $dolphin = new Dolphin();
 
 $speak = new Speak();
 
-$monkey->accept($speak);    // Ooh oo aa aa!
+$monkey->accept($speak);    // Ooh oo aa aa!    
 $lion->accept($speak);      // Roaaar!
 $dolphin->accept($speak);   // Tuut tutt tuutt!
 ```
-
 We could have done this simply by having an inheritance hierarchy for the animals but then we would have to modify the animals whenever we would have to add new actions to animals. But now we will not have to change them. For example, let's say we are asked to add the jump behavior to the animals, we can simply add that by creating a new visitor i.e.
 
 ```php
@@ -2109,9 +1969,7 @@ class Jump implements AnimalOperation
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And for the usage
-
 ```php
 $jump = new Jump();
 
@@ -2125,18 +1983,16 @@ $dolphin->accept($speak);  // Tuut tutt tuutt!
 $dolphin->accept($jump);   // Walked on water a little and disappeared
 ```
 
-## 💡 Strategy
+💡 Strategy
+--------
 
 Real world example
-
 > Consider the example of sorting, we implemented bubble sort but the data started to grow and bubble sort started getting very slow. In order to tackle this we implemented Quick sort. But now although the quick sort algorithm was doing better for large datasets, it was very slow for smaller datasets. In order to handle this we implemented a strategy where for small datasets, bubble sort will be used and for larger, quick sort.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Strategy pattern allows you to switch the algorithm or strategy based upon the situation.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In computer programming, the strategy pattern (also known as the policy pattern) is a behavioural software design pattern that enables an algorithm's behavior to be selected at runtime.
 
 **Programmatic example**
@@ -2173,7 +2029,6 @@ class QuickSortStrategy implements SortStrategy
 ```
 
 And then we have our client that is going to use any strategy
-
 ```php
 class Sorter
 {
@@ -2190,9 +2045,7 @@ class Sorter
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And it can be used as
-
 ```php
 $dataset = [1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 8];
 
@@ -2203,18 +2056,15 @@ $sorter = new Sorter(new QuickSortStrategy());
 $sorter->sort($dataset); // Output : Sorting using quick sort
 ```
 
-## 💢 State
-
+💢 State
+-----
 Real world example
-
-> Imagine you are using some drawing application, you choose the paint brush to draw. Now the brush changes its behavior based on the selected color i.e. if you have chosen red color it will draw in red, if blue then it will be in blue etc.
+> Imagine you are using some drawing application, you choose the paint brush to draw. Now the brush changes its behavior based on the selected color i.e. if you have chosen red color it will draw in red, if blue then it will be in blue etc.  
 
 In plain words
-
 > It lets you change the behavior of a class when the state changes.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > The state pattern is a behavioral software design pattern that implements a state machine in an object-oriented way. With the state pattern, a state machine is implemented by implementing each individual state as a derived class of the state pattern interface, and implementing state transitions by invoking methods defined by the pattern's superclass.
 > The state pattern can be interpreted as a strategy pattern which is able to switch the current strategy through invocations of methods defined in the pattern's interface.
 
@@ -2254,9 +2104,7 @@ class DefaultText implements WritingState
     }
 }
 ```
-
 Then we have our editor
-
 ```php
 class TextEditor
 {
@@ -2278,9 +2126,7 @@ class TextEditor
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as
-
 ```php
 $editor = new TextEditor(new DefaultText());
 
@@ -2304,12 +2150,11 @@ $editor->type('Fifth line');
 // fifth line
 ```
 
-## 📒 Template Method
+📒 Template Method
+---------------
 
 Real world example
-
 > Suppose we are getting some house built. The steps for building might look like
->
 > - Prepare the base of house
 > - Build the walls
 > - Add roof
@@ -2318,11 +2163,9 @@ Real world example
 > The order of these steps could never be changed i.e. you can't build the roof before building the walls etc but each of the steps could be modified for example walls can be made of wood or polyester or stone.
 
 In plain words
-
 > Template method defines the skeleton of how a certain algorithm could be performed, but defers the implementation of those steps to the children classes.
 
 Wikipedia says
-
 > In software engineering, the template method pattern is a behavioral design pattern that defines the program skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. It lets one redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure.
 
 **Programmatic Example**
@@ -2330,7 +2173,6 @@ Wikipedia says
 Imagine we have a build tool that helps us test, lint, build, generate build reports (i.e. code coverage reports, linting report etc) and deploy our app on the test server.
 
 First of all we have our base class that specifies the skeleton for the build algorithm
-
 ```php
 abstract class Builder
 {
@@ -2400,7 +2242,6 @@ class IosBuilder extends Builder
     }
 }
 ```
-
 And then it can be used as
 
 ```php

content/guides/dhcp-in-one-picture.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[![](/guides/dhcp.png)](/guides/dhcp.png)
+

content/guides/dns-in-one-picture.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+DNS or Domain Name System is one of the fundamental blocks of the internet. As a developer, you should have at-least the basic understanding of how it works. This article is a brief introduction to what is DNS and how it works.
+
+DNS at its simplest is like a phonebook on your mobile phone. Whenever you have to call one of your contacts, you can either dial their number from your memory or use their name which will then be used by your mobile phone to search their number in your phone book to call them. Every time you make a new friend, or your existing friend gets a mobile phone, you have to memorize their phone number or save it in your phonebook to be able to call them later on. DNS or Domain Name System, in a similar fashion, is a mechanism that allows you to browse websites on the internet. Just like your mobile phone does not know how to call without knowing the phone number, your browser does not know how to open a website just by the domain name; it needs to know the IP Address for the website to open. You can either type the IP Address to open, or provide the domain name and press enter which will then be used by your browser to find the IP address by going through several hoops. The picture below is the illustration of how your browser finds a website on the internet.
+
+[![](https://i.imgur.com/z9rwm5A.png)](https://i.imgur.com/z9rwm5A.png)

content/guides/history-of-javascript.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Around 10 years ago, Jeff Atwood (the founder of stackoverflow) made a case that JavaScript is going to be the future and he coined the “Atwood Law” which states that *Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript*. Fast-forward to today, 10 years later, if you look at it it rings truer than ever. JavaScript is continuing to gain more and more adoption.
+
+### JavaScript is announced
+JavaScript was initially created by [Brendan Eich](https://twitter.com/BrendanEich) of NetScape and was first announced in a press release by Netscape in 1995. It has a bizarre history of naming; initally it was named `Mocha` by the creator, which was later renamed to `LiveScript`.  In 1996, about a year later after the release, NetScape decided to rename it to be `JavaScript` with hopes of capitalizing on the Java community (although JavaScript did not have any relationship with Java) and released Netscape 2.0 with the official support of JavaScript.
+
+### ES1, ES2 and ES3
+In 1996, Netscape decided to submit it to [ECMA International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International) with the hopes of getting it standardized. First edition of the standard specification was released in 1997 and the language was standardized. After the initial release, `ECMAScript` was continued to be worked upon and in no-time two more versions were released ECMAScript 2 in 1998 and ECMAScript 3 in 1999.
+
+### Decade of Silence and ES4
+After the release of ES3 in 1999, there was a complete silence for a decade and no changes were made to the official standard. There was some work on the fourth edition in the initial days; some of the features that were being discussed included classes, modules, static typings, destructuring etc. It was being targeted to be released by 2008 but was abandoned due to political differences concerning language complexity. However, the vendors kept introducing the extensions to the language and the developers were left scratching their heads — adding polyfills to battle compatibility issues between different browsers.
+
+### From silence to ES5
+Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and other disputers of ES4 came together and decided to work on a less ambitious update to ES3 tentatively named ES3.1. But the teams were still fighting about what to include from ES4 and what not. Finally, in 2009 ES5 was released mainly focusing on fixing the compatibility and security issues etc. But there wasn’t much of a splash in the water — it took ages for the vendors to incorporate the standards and many developers were still using ES3 without being aware of the “modern” standards.
+
+### Release of ES6 — ECMAScript 2015
+After a few years of the release of ES5, things started to change, TC39 (the committee under ECMA international responsible for ECMAScript standardization) kept working on the next version of ECMAScript (ES6) which was originally named ES Harmony, before being eventually released with the name ES2015. ES2015 adds significant features and syntactic sugar to allow writing complex applications. Some of the features that ES6 has to offer, include Classes, Modules, Arrows, Enhanced object literals, Template strings, Destructuring, Default param values + rest + spread, Let and Const, Iterators + for..of, Generators, Maps + Sets, Proxies, Symbols, Promises, math + number + string + array + object APIs [etc](http://es6-features.org/#Constants)
+
+Browser support for ES6 is still scarce but everything that ES6 has to offer is still available to developers by transpiling the ES6 code to ES5. With the release of 6th version of ECMAScript, TC39 decided to move to yearly model of releasing updates to ECMAScript so to make sure that the new features are added as soon as they are approved and we don’t have to wait for the full specification to be drafted and approved — thus 6th version of ECMAScript was renamed as ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 before the release in June 2015. And the next versions of ECMAScript were decided to published in June of every year.
+
+### Release of ES7 — ECMAScript 2016
+In June 2016, seventh version of ECMAScript was released. As ECMAScript has been moved to an yearly release model, ECMAScript 2016 (ES2016) comparatively did not have much to offer. ES2016 includes just two new features
+
+* Exponentiation operator `**`
+* `Array.prototype.includes`
+
+### Release of ES8 — ECMAScript 2017
+The eighth version of ECMAScript was released in June 2017. The key highlight of ES8 was the addition of async functions. Here is the list of new features in ES8
+
+* `Object.values()` and `Object.entries()`
+* String padding i.e. `String.prototype.padEnd()` and `String.prototype.padStart()`
+* `Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors`
+* Trailing commas in function parameter lists and calls
+* Async functions
+
+### What is ESNext then?
+ESNext is a dynamic name that refers to whatever the current version of ECMAScript is at the given time. For example, at the time of this writing `ES2017` or `ES8` is `ESNext`.
+
+### What does the future hold?
+Since the release of ES6, [TC39](https://github.com/tc39) has quite streamlined their process. TC39 operates through a Github organization now and there are [several proposals](https://github.com/tc39/proposals) for new features or syntax to be added to the next versions of ECMAScript. Any one can go ahead and [submit a proposal](https://github.com/tc39/proposals) thus resulting in increasing the participation from the community. Every proposal goes through [four stages of maturity](https://tc39.github.io/process-document/) before it makes it into the specification.
+
+And that about wraps it up. Feel free to leave your feedback in the comments section below. Also here are the links to original language specifications [ES6](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/), [ES7](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/) and [ES8](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/).

content/guides/http-caching.md

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+As users, we easily get frustrated by the buffering videos, the images that take seconds to load, pages that got stuck because the content is being loaded. Loading the resources from some cache is much faster than fetching the same from the originating server. It reduces latency, speeds up the loading of resources, decreases the load on server, cuts down the bandwidth costs etc. 
+
+### Introduction
+
+What is web cache? It is something that sits somewhere between the client and the server, continuously looking at the requests and their responses, looking for any responses that can be cached. So that there is less time consumed when the same request is made again. 
+
+![Web Cache](https://i.imgur.com/mJYVvTh.png)
+
+> Note that this image is just to give you an idea. Depending upon the type of cache, the place where it is implemented could vary. More on this later.
+
+Before we get into further details, let me give you an overview of the terms that will be used, further in the article
+
+- **Client** could be your browser or any application requesting the server for some resource
+- **Origin Server**, the source of truth, houses all the content required by the client and is responsible for fulfilling the client requests.
+- **Stale Content** is the cached but expired content
+- **Fresh Content** is the content available in cache that hasn't expired yet
+- **Cache Validation** is the process of contacting the server to check the validity of the cached content and get it updated for when it is going to expire
+- **Cache Invalidation** is the process of removing any stale content available in the cache
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/9MjlzvW.png)
+
+### Caching Locations
+
+Web cache can be shared or private depending upon the location where it exists. Here is the list of different caching locations
+
+- [Browser Cache](#browser-cache)
+- [Proxy Cache](#proxy-cache)
+- [Reverse Proxy Cache](#reverse-proxy-cache)
+
+#### Browser Cache
+
+You might have noticed that when you click the back button in your browser it takes less time to load the page than the time that it took during the first load; this is the browser cache in play. Browser cache is the most common location for caching and browsers usually reserve some space for it.
+
+![Web Cache](https://i.imgur.com/mJYVvTh.png)
+
+A browser cache is limited to just one user and unlike other caches, it can store the "private" responses. More on it later.
+
+#### Proxy Cache
+
+Unlike browser cache which serves a single user, proxy caches may serve hundreds of different users accessing the same content. They are usually implemented on a broader level by ISPs or any other independent entities for example.
+
+![Proxy Cache](https://i.imgur.com/3mj6e1O.png)
+
+#### Reverse Proxy Cache
+
+Reverse proxy cache or surrogate cache is implemented close to the origin servers in order to reduce the load on server. Unlike proxy caches which are implemented by ISPs etc to reduce the bandwidth usage in a network, surrogates or reverse proxy caches are implemented near to the origin servers by the server administrators to reduce the load on server.
+
+![Reverse Proxy Cache](http://i.imgur.com/Eg4Cru3.png)
+ 
+Although you can control the reverse proxy caches (since it is implemented by you on your server) you can not avoid or control browser and proxy caches. And if your website is not configured to use these caches properly, it will still be cached using whatever the defaults are set on these caches.
+
+### Caching Headers
+
+So, how do we control the web cache? Whenever the server emits some response, it is accompanied with some HTTP headers to guide the caches whether and how to cache this response. Content provider is the one that has to make sure to return proper HTTP headers to force the caches on how to cache the content.
+
+- [Expires](#expires)
+- [Pragma](#pragma)
+- [Cache-Control](#cache-control)
+  - [private](#private)
+  - [public](#public)
+  - [no-store](#no-store)
+  - [no-cache](#no-cache)
+  - [max-age: seconds](#max-age)
+  - [s-maxage: seconds](#s-maxage)
+  - [must-revalidate](#must-revalidate)
+  - [proxy-revalidate](#proxy-revalidate)
+  - [Mixing Values](#mixing-values)
+- [Validators](#validators)
+  - [ETag](#etag)
+  - [Last-Modified](#last-modified)
+
+#### Expires
+
+Before HTTP/1.1 and introduction of `Cache-Control`, there was `Expires` header which is simply a timestamp telling the caches how long should some content be considered fresh. Possible value to this header is absolute expiry date; where date has to be in GMT. Below is the sample header
+
+```html
+Expires: Mon, 13 Mar 2017 12:22:00 GMT
+```
+
+It should be noted that the date cannot be more than a year and if the date format is wrong, content will be considered stale. Also, the clock on cache has to be in sync with the clock on server, otherwise the desired results might not be achieved. 
+
+Although, `Expires` header is still valid and is supported widely by the caches, preference should be given to HTTP/1.1 successor of it i.e. `Cache-Control`.  
+
+#### Pragma
+
+Another one from the old, pre HTTP/1.1 days, is `Pragma`. Everything that it could do is now possible using the cache-control header given below. However, one thing I would like to point out about it is, you might see `Pragma: no-cache` being used here and there in hopes of stopping the response from being cached. It might not necessarily work; as HTTP specification discusses it in the request headers and there is no mention of it in the response headers. Rather `Cache-Control` header should be used to control the caching.
+
+#### Cache-Control
+
+Cache-Control specifies how long and in what manner should the content be cached. This family of headers was introduced in HTTP/1.1 to overcome the limitations of the `Expires` header.
+  
+Value for the `Cache-Control` header is composite i.e. it can have multiple directive/values. Let's look at the possible values that this header may contain. 
+
+##### private
+Setting the cache to `private` means that the content will not be cached in any of the proxies and it will only be cached by the client (i.e. browser)
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: private
+```
+
+Having said that, don't let it fool you in to thinking that setting this header will make your data any secure; you still have to use SSL for that purpose. 
+
+##### public
+
+If set to `public`, apart from being cached by the client, it can also be cached by the proxies; serving many other users
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: public
+```
+
+##### no-store
+**`no-store`** specifies that the content is not to be cached by any of the caches
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: no-store
+```
+
+##### no-cache
+**`no-cache`** indicates that the cache can be maintained but the cached content is to be re-validated (using `ETag` for example) from the server before being served. That is, there is still a request to server but for validation and not to download the cached content.
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: max-age=3600, no-cache, public
+```
+
+##### max-age: seconds
+**`max-age`** specifies the number of seconds for which the content will be cached. For example, if the `cache-control` looks like below:
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: max-age=3600, public
+```
+it would mean that the content is publicly cacheable and will be considered stale after 60 minutes
+
+##### s-maxage: seconds
+**`s-maxage`** here `s-` prefix stands for shared. This directive specifically targets the shared caches. Like `max-age` it also gets the number of seconds for which something is to be cached. If present, it will override `max-age` and `expires` headers for shared caching.
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: s-maxage=3600, public
+```
+
+##### must-revalidate
+**`must-revalidate`** it might happen sometimes that if you have network problems and the content cannot be retrieved from the server, browser may serve stale content without validation. `must-revalidate` avoids that. If this directive is present, it means that stale content cannot be served in any case and the data must be re-validated from the server before serving. 
+
+```html
+Cache-Control: max-age=3600, public, must-revalidate
+```
+
+##### proxy-revalidate
+**`proxy-revalidate`** is similar to `must-revalidate` but it specifies the same for shared or proxy caches. In other words `proxy-revalidate` is to `must-revalidate` as `s-maxage` is to `max-age`. But why did they not call it `s-revalidate`?. I have no idea why, if you have any clue please leave a comment below. 
+
+##### Mixing Values
+You can combine these directives in different ways to achieve different caching behaviors, however `no-cache/no-store` and `public/private` are mutually exclusive. 
+
+If you specify both `no-store` and `no-cache`, `no-store` will be given precedence over `no-cache`.
+
+```html
+; If specified both
+Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache
+
+; Below will be considered
+Cache-Control: no-store
+```
+
+For `private/public`, for any unauthenticated requests cache is considered `public` and for any authenticated ones cache is considered `private`.
+
+### Validators 
+
+Up until now we only discussed how the content is cached and how long the cached content is to be considered fresh but we did not discuss how the client does the validation from the server. Below we discuss the headers used for this purpose.
+
+#### ETag
+
+Etag or "entity tag" was introduced in HTTP/1.1 specs. Etag is just a unique identifier that the server attaches with some resource. This ETag is later on used by the client to make conditional HTTP requests stating `"give me this resource if ETag is not same as the ETag that I have"` and the content is downloaded only if the etags do not match. 
+
+Method by which ETag is generated is not specified in the HTTP docs and usually some collision-resistant hash function is used to assign etags to each version of a resource. There could be two types of etags i.e. strong and weak
+
+```html
+ETag: "j82j8232ha7sdh0q2882" - Strong Etag
+ETag: W/"j82j8232ha7sdh0q2882" - Weak Etag (prefixed with `W/`)
+```
+
+A strong validating ETag means that two resources are **exactly** same and there is no difference between them at all. While a weak ETag means that two resources are although not strictly same but could be considered same. Weak etags might be useful for dynamic content, for example.
+
+Now you know what etags are but how does the browser make this request? by making a request to server while sending the available Etag in `If-None-Match` header.
+
+Consider the scenario, you opened a web page which loaded a logo image with caching period of 60 seconds and ETag of `abc123xyz`. After about 30 minutes you reload the page, browser will notice that the logo which was fresh for 60 seconds is now stale; it will trigger a request to server, sending the ETag of the stale logo image in `if-none-match` header
+
+```html
+If-None-Match: "abc123xyz"
+```
+
+Server will then compare this ETag with the ETag of the current version of resource. If both etags are matched, server will send back the response of `304 Not Modified` which will tell the client that the copy that it has is still good and it will be considered fresh for another 60 seconds. If both the etags do not match i.e. the logo has likely changed and client will be sent the new logo which it will use to replace the stale logo that it has.
+
+#### Last-Modified
+
+Server might include the `Last-Modified` header indicating the date and time at which some content was last modified on.
+ 
+```html
+Last-Modified: Wed, 15 Mar 2017 12:30:26 GMT
+```
+
+When the content gets stale, client will make a conditional request including the last modified date that it has inside the header called `If-Modified-Since` to server to get the updated `Last-Modified` date; if it matches the date that the client has, `Last-Modified` date for the content is updated to be considered fresh for another `n` seconds. If the received `Last-Modified` date does not match the one that the client has, content is reloaded from the server and replaced with the content that client has.
+
+```html
+If-Modified-Since: Wed, 15 Mar 2017 12:30:26 GMT
+```
+
+You might be questioning now, what if the cached content has both the `Last-Modified` and `ETag` assigned to it? Well, in that case both are to be used i.e. there will not be any re-downloading of the resource if and only if `ETag` matches the newly retrieved one and so does the `Last-Modified` date. If either the `ETag` does not match or the `Last-Modified` is greater than the one from the server, content has to be downloaded again. 
+
+### Where do I start?
+
+Now that we have got *everything* covered, let us put everything in perspective and see how you can use this information.
+
+#### Utilizing Server
+
+Before we get into the possible caching strategies , let me add the fact that most of the servers including Apache and Nginx allow you to implement your caching policy through the server so that you don't have to juggle with headers in your code. 
+
+**For example**, if you are using Apache and you have your static content placed at `/static`, you can put below `.htaccess` file in the directory to make all the content in it be cached for an year using below
+
+```html
+# Cache everything for an year
+Header set Cache-Control "max-age=31536000, public"
+```
+
+You can further use `filesMatch` directive to add conditionals and use different caching strategy for different kinds of files e.g.
+
+```html
+# Cache any images for one year
+<filesMatch ".(png|jpg|jpeg|gif)$">
+    Header set Cache-Control "max-age=31536000, public"
+</filesMatch>
+
+# Cache any CSS and JS files for a month
+<filesMatch ".(css|js)$">
+    Header set Cache-Control "max-age=2628000, public"
+</filesMatch>
+```
+
+Or if you don't want to use the `.htaccess` file you can modify Apache's configuration file `http.conf`. Same goes for Nginx, you can add the caching information in the location or server block.  
+
+#### Caching Recommendations
+
+There is no golden rule or set standards about how your caching policy should look like, each of the application is different and you have to look and find what suits your application the best. However, just to give you a rough idea
+
+  - You can have aggressive caching (e.g. cache for an year) on any static content and use fingerprinted filenames (e.g. `style.ju2i90.css`) so that the cache is automatically rejected whenever the files are updated.
+    Also it should be noted that you should not cross the upper limit of one year as it [might not be honored](https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) 
+  - Look and decide do you even need caching for any dynamic content, if yes how long it should be. For example, in case of some RSS feed of a blog there could be the caching of a few hours but there couldn't be any caching for inventory items in an ERP.
+  - Always add the validators (preferably ETags) in your response.
+  - Pay attention while choosing the visibility (private or public) of the cached content. Make sure that you do not accidentally cache any user-specific or sensitive content in any public proxies. When in doubt, do not use cache at all.
+  - Separate the content that changes often from the content that doesn't change that often (e.g. in javascript bundles) so that when it is updated it doesn't need to make the whole cached content stale.  
+  - Test and monitor the caching headers being served by your site. You can use the browser console or `curl -I http://some-url.com` for that purpose. 
+
+And that about wraps it up. Stay tuned for more!

content/guides/journey-to-http2.md

@@ -1,61 +1,44 @@
----
-title: 'Journey to HTTP/2'
-description: 'The evolution of HTTP. How it all started and where we stand today'
-authorId: 'kamran'
-seo:
-  title: 'Journey to HTTP/2 - roadmap.sh'
-  description: 'The evolution of HTTP. How it all started and where we stand today'
-isNew: false
-type: 'textual'
-date: 2018-12-04
-sitemap:
-  priority: 0.7
-  changefreq: 'weekly'
-tags:
-  - 'guide'
-  - 'textual-guide'
-  - 'guide-sitemap'
----
-
 HTTP is the protocol that every web developer should know as it powers the whole web and knowing it is definitely going to help you develop better applications. In this guide, I am going to be discussing what HTTP is, how it came to be, where it is today and how did we get here.
 
 ### What is HTTP?
 
 First things first, what is HTTP? HTTP is the `TCP/IP` based application layer communication protocol which standardizes how the client and server communicate with each other. It defines how the content is requested and transmitted across the internet. By application layer protocol, I mean it's just an abstraction layer that standardizes how the hosts (clients and servers) communicate and itself it depends upon `TCP/IP` to get request and response between the client and server. By default TCP port `80` is used but other ports can be used as well. HTTPS, however, uses port `443`.
 
-### HTTP/0.9 – The One Liner (1991)
+### HTTP/0.9 – The One Liner (1991) 
 
 The first documented version of HTTP was [`HTTP/0.9`](https://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/AsImplemented.html) which was put forward in 1991. It was the simplest protocol ever; having a single method called `GET`. If a client had to access some webpage on the server, it would have made the simple request like below
 
 ```html
 GET /index.html
 ```
-
 And the response from server would have looked as follows
 
 ```html
-(response body) (connection closed)
+(response body)
+(connection closed)
 ```
 
-That is, the server would get the request, reply with the HTML in response and as soon as the content has been transferred, the connection will be closed. There were
+That is, the server would get the request, reply with the HTML in response and as soon as the content has been transferred, the connection will be closed. There were 
 
 - No headers
-- `GET` was the only allowed method
+- `GET` was the only allowed method 
 - Response had to be HTML
 
 As you can see, the protocol really had nothing more than being a stepping stone for what was to come.
 
 ### HTTP/1.0 - 1996
 
-In 1996, the next version of HTTP i.e. `HTTP/1.0` evolved that vastly improved over the original version.
+In 1996, the next version of HTTP i.e. `HTTP/1.0` evolved that vastly improved over the original version. 
 
 Unlike `HTTP/0.9` which was only designed for HTML response, `HTTP/1.0` could now deal with other response formats i.e. images, video files, plain text or any other content type as well. It added more methods (i.e. `POST` and `HEAD`), request/response formats got changed, HTTP headers got added to both the request and responses, status codes were added to identify the response, character set support was introduced, multi-part types, authorization, caching, content encoding and more was included.
 
 Here is how a sample `HTTP/1.0` request and response might have looked like:
 
 ```html
-GET / HTTP/1.0 Host: kamranahmed.info User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel
-Mac OS X 10_10_5) Accept: */*
+GET / HTTP/1.0
+Host: kamranahmed.info
+User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5)
+Accept: */*
 ```
 
 As you can see, alongside the request, client has also sent its personal information, required response type etc. While in `HTTP/0.9` client could never send such information because there were no headers.
@@ -63,30 +46,36 @@ As you can see, alongside the request, client has also sent its personal informa
 Example response to the request above may have looked like below
 
 ```html
-HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 137582 Expires: Thu, 05
-Dec 1997 16:00:00 GMT Last-Modified: Wed, 5 August 1996 15:55:28 GMT Server:
-Apache 0.84 (response body) (connection closed)
+HTTP/1.0 200 OK 
+Content-Type: text/plain
+Content-Length: 137582
+Expires: Thu, 05 Dec 1997 16:00:00 GMT
+Last-Modified: Wed, 5 August 1996 15:55:28 GMT
+Server: Apache 0.84
+
+(response body)
+(connection closed)
 ```
 
-In the very beginning of the response there is `HTTP/1.0` (HTTP followed by the version number), then there is the status code `200` followed by the reason phrase (or description of the status code, if you will).
+In the very beginning of the response there is `HTTP/1.0` (HTTP followed by the version number), then there is the status code `200` followed by the reason phrase (or description of the status code, if you will). 
 
 In this newer version, request and response headers were still kept as `ASCII` encoded, but the response body could have been of any type i.e. image, video, HTML, plain text or any other content type. So, now that server could send any content type to the client; not so long after the introduction, the term "Hyper Text" in `HTTP` became misnomer. `HMTP` or Hypermedia transfer protocol might have made more sense but, I guess, we are stuck with the name for life.
 
 One of the major drawbacks of `HTTP/1.0` were you couldn't have multiple requests per connection. That is, whenever a client will need something from the server, it will have to open a new TCP connection and after that single request has been fulfilled, connection will be closed. And for any next requirement, it will have to be on a new connection. Why is it bad? Well, let's assume that you visit a webpage having `10` images, `5` stylesheets and `5` javascript files, totalling to `20` items that needs to fetched when request to that webpage is made. Since the server closes the connection as soon as the request has been fulfilled, there will be a series of `20` separate connections where each of the items will be served one by one on their separate connections. This large number of connections results in a serious performance hit as requiring a new `TCP` connection imposes a significant performance penalty because of three-way handshake followed by slow-start.
 
-#### Three-way Handshake
+#### Three-way Handshake 
 
-Three-way handshake in its simplest form is that all the `TCP` connections begin with a three-way handshake in which the client and the server share a series of packets before starting to share the application data.
+Three-way handshake in its simplest form is that all the `TCP` connections begin with a three-way handshake in which the client and the server share a series of packets before starting to share the application data. 
 
 - `SYN` - Client picks up a random number, let's say `x`, and sends it to the server.
 - `SYN ACK` - Server acknowledges the request by sending an `ACK` packet back to the client which is made up of a random number, let's say `y` picked up by server and the number `x+1` where `x` is the number that was sent by the client
 - `ACK` - Client increments the number `y` received from the server and sends an `ACK` packet back with the number `y+1`
 
-Once the three-way handshake is completed, the data sharing between the client and server may begin. It should be noted that the client may start sending the application data as soon as it dispatches the last `ACK` packet but the server will still have to wait for the `ACK` packet to be received in order to fulfill the request.
+Once the three-way handshake is completed, the data sharing between the client and server may begin. It should be noted that the client may start sending the application data as soon as it dispatches the last `ACK` packet but the server will still have to wait for the `ACK` packet to be recieved in order to fulfill the request.
 
-![Three-way Handshake](https://i.imgur.com/uERG2G2.png)
+![](http://i.imgur.com/uERG2G2.png)
 
-> Please note that there is a minor issue with the image, the last `ACK` packet sent by the client to end the handshake contains only `y+1` i.e. it should have been `ACK:y+1` instead of `ACK: x+1, y+1`
+> Please note that there is a minor issue with the image, the last `ACK` packet sent by the client to end the handshake contains only `y+1` i.e. it should have been `ACK:y+1` instead of `ACK: x+1, y+1` 
 
 However, some implementations of `HTTP/1.0` tried to overcome this issue by introducing a new header called `Connection: keep-alive` which was meant to tell the server "Hey server, do not close this connection, I need it again". But still, it wasn't that widely supported and the problem still persisted.
 
@@ -100,11 +89,11 @@ After merely 3 years of `HTTP/1.0`, the next version i.e. `HTTP/1.1` was release
 
 - **Hostname Identification** In `HTTP/1.0` `Host` header wasn't required but `HTTP/1.1` made it required.
 
-- **Persistent Connections** As discussed above, in `HTTP/1.0` there was only one request per connection and the connection was closed as soon as the request was fulfilled which resulted in acute performance hit and latency problems. `HTTP/1.1` introduced the persistent connections i.e. **connections weren't closed by default** and were kept open which allowed multiple sequential requests. To close the connections, the header `Connection: close` had to be available on the request. Clients usually send this header in the last request to safely close the connection.
+- **Persistent Connections** As discussed above, in `HTTP/1.0` there was only one request per connection and the connection was closed as soon as the request was fulfilled which resulted in accute performance hit and latency problems. `HTTP/1.1` introduced the persistent connections i.e. **connections weren't closed by default** and were kept open which allowed multiple sequential requests. To close the connections, the header `Connection: close` had to be available on the request. Clients usually send this header in the last request to safely close the connection.
 
 - **Pipelining** It also introduced the support for pipelining, where the client could send multiple requests to the server without waiting for the response from server on the same connection and server had to send the response in the same sequence in which requests were received. But how does the client know that this is the point where first response download completes and the content for next response starts, you may ask! Well, to solve this, there must be `Content-Length` header present which clients can use to identify where the response ends and it can start waiting for the next response.
 
-  > It should be noted that in order to benefit from persistent connections or pipelining, `Content-Length` header must be available on the response, because this would let the client know when the transmission completes and it can send the next request (in normal sequential way of sending requests) or start waiting for the next response (when pipelining is enabled).
+  > It should be noted that in order to benefit from persistent connections or pipelining, `Content-Length` header must be available on the response, because this would let the client know when the transmission completes and it can send the next request (in normal sequential way of sending requests) or start waiting for the next response (when pipelining is enabled). 
 
   > But there was still an issue with this approach. And that is, what if the data is dynamic and server cannot find the content length before hand? Well in that case, you really can't benefit from persistent connections, could you?! In order to solve this `HTTP/1.1` introduced chunked encoding. In such cases server may omit content-Length in favor of chunked encoding (more to it in a moment). However, if none of them are available, then the connection must be closed at the end of request.
 
@@ -118,31 +107,31 @@ After merely 3 years of `HTTP/1.0`, the next version i.e. `HTTP/1.1` was release
 - Client cookies
 - Enhanced compression support
 - New status codes
-- ..and more
+- ..and more 
 
-I am not going to dwell about all the `HTTP/1.1` features in this post as it is a topic in itself and you can already find a lot about it. The one such document that I would recommend you to read is [Key differences between `HTTP/1.0` and HTTP/1.1](https://www.ra.ethz.ch/cdstore/www8/data/2136/pdf/pd1.pdf) and here is the link to [original RFC](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616) for the overachievers.
+I am not going to dwell about all the `HTTP/1.1` features in this post as it is a topic in itself and you can already find a lot about it. The one such document that I would recommend you to read is [Key differences between `HTTP/1.0` and HTTP/1.1](http://www.ra.ethz.ch/cdstore/www8/data/2136/pdf/pd1.pdf) and here is the link to [original RFC](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616) for the overachievers.
 
-`HTTP/1.1` was introduced in 1999 and it had been a standard for many years. Although, it improved alot over its predecessor; with the web changing everyday, it started to show its age. Loading a web page these days is more resource-intensive than it ever was. A simple webpage these days has to open more than 30 connections. Well `HTTP/1.1` has persistent connections, then why so many connections? you say! The reason is, in `HTTP/1.1` it can only have one outstanding connection at any moment of time. `HTTP/1.1` tried to fix this by introducing pipelining but it didn't completely address the issue because of the **head-of-line blocking** where a slow or heavy request may block the requests behind and once a request gets stuck in a pipeline, it will have to wait for the next requests to be fulfilled. To overcome these shortcomings of `HTTP/1.1`, the developers started implementing the workarounds, for example use of spritesheets, encoded images in CSS, single humongous CSS/Javascript files, [domain sharding](https://www.maxcdn.com/one/visual-glossary/domain-sharding-2/) etc.
+`HTTP/1.1` was introduced in 1999 and it had been a standard for many years. Although, it improved alot over its predecessor; with the web changing everyday, it started to show its age. Loading a web page these days is more resource-intensive than it ever was. A simple webpage these days has to open more than 30 connections. Well `HTTP/1.1` has persistent connections, then why so many connections? you say! The reason is, in `HTTP/1.1` it can only have one outstanding connection at any moment of time. `HTTP/1.1` tried to fix this by introducing pipelining but it didn't completely address the issue because of the **head-of-line blocking** where a slow or heavy request may block the requests behind and once a request gets stuck in a pipeline, it will have to wait for the next requests to be fulfilled. To overcome these shortcomings of `HTTP/1.1`, the developers started implementing the workarounds, for example use of spritesheets, encoded images in CSS, single humungous CSS/Javascript files, [domain sharding](https://www.maxcdn.com/one/visual-glossary/domain-sharding-2/) etc.
 
 ### SPDY - 2009
 
-Google went ahead and started experimenting with alternative protocols to make the web faster and improving web security while reducing the latency of web pages. In 2009, they announced `SPDY`.
+Google went ahead and started experimenting with alternative protocols to make the web faster and improving web security while reducing the latency of web pages. In 2009, they announced `SPDY`. 
 
 > `SPDY` is a trademark of Google and isn't an acronym.
 
 It was seen that if we keep increasing the bandwidth, the network performance increases in the beginning but a point comes when there is not much of a performance gain. But if you do the same with latency i.e. if we keep dropping the latency, there is a constant performance gain. This was the core idea for performance gain behind `SPDY`, decrease the latency to increase the network performance.
 
-> For those who don't know the difference, latency is the delay i.e. how long it takes for data to travel between the source and destination (measured in milliseconds) and bandwidth is the amount of data transferred per second (bits per second).
+> For those who don't know the difference, latency is the delay i.e. how long it takes for data to travel between the source and destination (measured in milliseconds) and bandwidth is the amount of data transfered per second (bits per second).
 
 The features of `SPDY` included, multiplexing, compression, prioritization, security etc. I am not going to get into the details of SPDY, as you will get the idea when we get into the nitty gritty of `HTTP/2` in the next section as I said `HTTP/2` is mostly inspired from SPDY.
 
-`SPDY` didn't really try to replace HTTP; it was a translation layer over HTTP which existed at the application layer and modified the request before sending it over to the wire. It started to become a defacto standards and majority of browsers started implementing it.
+`SPDY` didn't really try to replace HTTP; it was a translation layer over HTTP which existed at the application layer and modified the request before sending it over to the wire. It started to become a defacto standards and majority of browsers started implementing it. 
 
-In 2015, at Google, they didn't want to have two competing standards and so they decided to merge it into HTTP while giving birth to `HTTP/2` and deprecating SPDY.
+In 2015, at Google, they didn't want to have two competing standards and so they decided to merge it into HTTP while giving birth to `HTTP/2` and deprecating SPDY. 
 
 ### HTTP/2 - 2015
 
-By now, you must be convinced that why we needed another revision of the HTTP protocol. `HTTP/2` was designed for low latency transport of content. The key features or differences from the old version of `HTTP/1.1` include
+By now, you must be convinced that why we needed another revision of the HTTP protocol. `HTTP/2` was  designed for low latency transport of content. The key features or differences from the old version of `HTTP/1.1` include
 
 - Binary instead of Textual
 - Multiplexing - Multiple asynchronous HTTP requests over a single connection
@@ -151,7 +140,8 @@ By now, you must be convinced that why we needed another revision of the HTTP pr
 - Request Prioritization
 - Security
 
-![HTTP Model](https://i.imgur.com/S85j8gg.png)
+![](http://i.imgur.com/S85j8gg.png)
+
 
 #### 1. Binary Protocol
 
@@ -159,31 +149,34 @@ By now, you must be convinced that why we needed another revision of the HTTP pr
 
 ##### Frames and Streams
 
-HTTP messages are now composed of one or more frames. There is a `HEADERS` frame for the meta data and `DATA` frame for the payload and there exist several other types of frames (`HEADERS`, `DATA`, `RST_STREAM`, `SETTINGS`, `PRIORITY` etc) that you can check through [the `HTTP/2` specs](https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#iana-frames).
+HTTP messages are now composed of one or more frames. There is a `HEADERS` frame for the meta data and `DATA` frame for the payload and there exist several other types of frames (`HEADERS`, `DATA`, `RST_STREAM`, `SETTINGS`, `PRIORITY` etc) that you can check through [the `HTTP/2` specs](https://http2.github.io/http2-spec/#FrameTypes). 
 
 Every `HTTP/2` request and response is given a unique stream ID and it is divided into frames. Frames are nothing but binary pieces of data. A collection of frames is called a Stream. Each frame has a stream id that identifies the stream to which it belongs and each frame has a common header. Also, apart from stream ID being unique, it is worth mentioning that, any request initiated by client uses odd numbers and the response from server has even numbers stream IDs.
 
 Apart from the `HEADERS` and `DATA`, another frame type that I think worth mentioning here is `RST_STREAM` which is a special frame type that is used to abort some stream i.e. client may send this frame to let the server know that I don't need this stream anymore. In `HTTP/1.1` the only way to make the server stop sending the response to client was closing the connection which resulted in increased latency because a new connection had to be opened for any consecutive requests. While in HTTP/2, client can use `RST_STREAM` and stop receiving a specific stream while the connection will still be open and the other streams will still be in play.
 
+
 #### 2. Multiplexing
 
 Since `HTTP/2` is now a binary protocol and as I said above that it uses frames and streams for requests and responses, once a TCP connection is opened, all the streams are sent asynchronously through the same connection without opening any additional connections. And in turn, the server responds in the same asynchronous way i.e. the response has no order and the client uses the assigned stream id to identify the stream to which a specific packet belongs. This also solves the **head-of-line blocking** issue that existed in HTTP/1.x i.e. the client will not have to wait for the request that is taking time and other requests will still be getting processed.
 
+
 #### 3. HPACK Header Compression
 
 It was part of a separate RFC which was specifically aimed at optimizing the sent headers. The essence of it is that when we are constantly accessing the server from a same client there is alot of redundant data that we are sending in the headers over and over, and sometimes there might be cookies increasing the headers size which results in bandwidth usage and increased latency. To overcome this, `HTTP/2` introduced header compression.
 
-![Header Compression](https://i.imgur.com/3IPWXvR.png)
+![](http://i.imgur.com/3IPWXvR.png)
 
 Unlike request and response, headers are not compressed in `gzip` or `compress` etc formats but there is a different mechanism in place for header compression which is literal values are encoded using Huffman code and a headers table is maintained by the client and server and both the client and server omit any repetitive headers (e.g. user agent etc) in the subsequent requests and reference them using the headers table maintained by both.
 
 While we are talking headers, let me add here that the headers are still the same as in HTTP/1.1, except for the addition of some pseudo headers i.e. `:method`, `:scheme`, `:host` and `:path`
 
+
 #### 4. Server Push
 
 Server push is another tremendous feature of `HTTP/2` where the server, knowing that the client is going to ask for a certain resource, can push it to the client without even client asking for it. For example, let's say a browser loads a web page, it parses the whole page to find out the remote content that it has to load from the server and then sends consequent requests to the server to get that content.
 
-Server push allows the server to decrease the round trips by pushing the data that it knows that client is going to demand. How it is done is, server sends a special frame called `PUSH_PROMISE` notifying the client that, "Hey, I am about to send this resource to you! Do not ask me for it." The `PUSH_PROMISE` frame is associated with the stream that caused the push to happen and it contains the promised stream ID i.e. the stream on which the server will send the resource to be pushed.
+Server push allows the server to decrease the roundtrips by pushing the data that it knows that client is going to demand. How it is done is, server sends a special frame called `PUSH_PROMISE` notifying the client that, "Hey, I am about to send this resource to you! Do not ask me for it." The `PUSH_PROMISE` frame is associated with the stream that caused the push to happen and it contains the promised stream ID i.e. the stream on which the server will send the resource to be pushed.
 
 #### 5. Request Prioritization
 
@@ -193,10 +186,10 @@ Without any priority information, server processes the requests asynchronously i
 
 #### 6. Security
 
-There was extensive discussion on whether security (through `TLS`) should be made mandatory for `HTTP/2` or not. In the end, it was decided not to make it mandatory. However, most vendors stated that they will only support `HTTP/2` when it is used over `TLS`. So, although `HTTP/2` doesn't require encryption by specs but it has kind of become mandatory by default anyway. With that out of the way, `HTTP/2` when implemented over `TLS` does impose some requirements i.e. `TLS` version `1.2` or higher must be used, there must be a certain level of minimum key sizes, ephemeral keys are required etc.
+There was extensive discussion on whether security (through `TLS`) should be made mandatory for `HTTP/2` or not. In the end, it was decided not to make it mandatory. However, most vendors stated that they will only support `HTTP/2` when it is used over `TLS`. So, although `HTTP/2` doesn't require encryption by specs but it has kind of become mandatory by default anyway. With that out of the way, `HTTP/2` when implemented over `TLS` does impose some requirementsi.e. `TLS` version `1.2` or higher must be used, there must be a certain level of minimum keysizes, ephemeral keys are required etc.
 
-`HTTP/2` is here and it has already [surpassed SPDY in adaption](https://caniuse.com/#search=http2) which is gradually increasing. `HTTP/2` has alot to offer in terms of performance gain and it is about time we should start using it.
+`HTTP/2` is here and it has already [surpassed SPDY in adaption](http://caniuse.com/#search=http2) which is gradually increasing. `HTTP/2` has alot to offer in terms of performance gain and it is about time we should start using it. 
 
-For anyone interested in further details here is the [link to specs](https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9113.html) and a link [demonstrating the performance benefits of `HTTP/2`](https://www.http2demo.io/).
+For anyone interested in further details here is the [link to specs](https://http2.github.io/http2-spec) and a link [demonstrating the performance benefits of `HTTP/2`](http://www.http2demo.io/). 
 
 And that about wraps it up. Until next time! stay tuned.

content/guides/jwt-authentication.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[![](/guides/jwt-authentication.png)](/guides/jwt-authentication.png)
+

content/guides/levels-of-seniority.md

@@ -1,71 +1,49 @@
----
-title: 'Levels of Seniority'
-description: 'How to Step Up as a Junior, Mid Level or a Senior Developer?'
-authorId: 'kamran'
-seo:
-  title: 'Levels of Seniority - roadmap.sh'
-  description: 'How to Step Up as a Junior, Mid Level or a Senior Developer?'
-isNew: false
-type: 'textual'
-date: 2020-12-03
-sitemap:
-  priority: 0.7
-  changefreq: 'weekly'
-tags:
-  - 'guide'
-  - 'textual-guide'
-  - 'guide-sitemap'
----
-
 I have been working on redoing the [roadmaps](https://roadmap.sh) – splitting the skillset based on the seniority levels to make them easier to follow and not scare the new developers away. Since the roadmaps are going to be just about the technical knowledge, I thought it would be a good idea to reiterate and have an article on what I think of different seniority roles.
 
 I have seen many organizations decide the seniority of developers by giving more significance to the years of experience than they should. I have seen developers labeled "Junior" doing the work of Senior Developers and I have seen "Lead" developers who weren't even qualified to be called "Senior". The seniority of a developer cannot just be decided by their age, years of experience or technical knowledge that they have got. There are other factors in play here -- their perception of work, how they interact with their peers and how they approach problems. We discuss these three key factors in detail for each of the seniority levels below.
 
 ### Different Seniority Titles
-
 Different organizations might have different seniority titles but they mainly fall into three categories:
 
-- Junior Developer
-- Mid Level Developer
-- Senior Developer
+* Junior Developer
+* Mid Level Developer
+* Senior Developer
 
 ### Junior Developer
-
 Junior developers are normally fresh graduates and it's either they don't have or they have minimal industry experience. Not only they have weak coding skills but there are also a few other things that give Junior developers away:
 
-- Their main mantra is "making it work" without giving much attention to how the solution is achieved. To them, a working software and good software are equivalent.
-- They usually require very specific and structured directions to achieve something. They suffer from tunnel vision, need supervision and continuous guidance to be effective team members.
-- Most of the Junior developers just try to live up to the role and, when stuck, they might leave work for a senior developer instead of at least trying to take a stab at something.
-- They don't know about the business side of the company and don't realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and they don't realize how much rework, wasted effort, and end-user aggravation could be saved by getting to know the business domain.
-- Over-engineering is a major problem, often leading to fragility and bugs.
-- When given a problem, they often try to fix just the current problem a.k.a. fixing the symptoms instead of fixing the root problem.
-- You might notice the "[Somebody Else's Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem)" behavior from them.
-- They don't know what or how much they don't know, thanks to the [Dunning–Kruger effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect).
-- They don't take initiatives and they might be afraid to work on an unfamiliar codebase.
-- They don't participate in team discussions.
+* Their main mantra is "making it work" without giving much attention to how the solution is achieved. To them, a working software and good software are equivalent. 
+* They usually require very specific and structured directions to achieve something. They suffer from tunnel vision, need supervision and continuous guidance to be effective team members.
+* Most of the Junior developers just try to live up to the role and, when stuck, they might leave work for a senior developer instead of at least trying to take a stab at something.
+* They don't know about the business side of the company and don't realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and they don't realize how much rework, wasted effort, and end-user aggravation could be saved by getting to know the business domain.
+* Over-engineering is a major problem, often leading to fragility and bugs.
+* When given a problem, they often try to fix just the current problem a.k.a. fixing the symptoms instead of fixing the root problem.
+* You might notice the "[Somebody Else's Problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem)" behavior from them.
+* They don't know what or how much they don't know, thanks to the [Dunning–Kruger effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect).
+* They don't take initiatives and they might be afraid to work on an unfamiliar codebase.
+* They don't participate in team discussions.
 
 Being a Junior developer in the team is not necessarily a bad thing; since you are just starting out, you are not expected to be a know-it-all person. However, it is your responsibility to learn, gain experience, not get stuck with the "Junior" title and improve yourself. Here are a few tips for Junior developers to help move up the ladder of seniority:
 
-- All sorts of problems can be solved if you work on them long enough. Do not give up if Stack Overflow or an issue on GitHub doesn't have an answer. Saying "I am stuck, but I have tried X, Y, and Z. Do you have any pointers?" to your lead is much better than saying "This is beyond me."
-- Read a lot of code, not just code in the projects that you are working on, but reference/framework source code, open-source. Ask your fellow developers, perhaps on Reddit too, about the good open-source examples for the language/tools of your choice.
-- Do personal side-projects, share them with people, contribute to the open-source community. Reach out to people for help. You will be surprised how much support you can get from the community. I still remember my first open-source project on GitHub from around 6 years ago which was a small PHP script (a library) that fetched details for a given address from Google's Geocoding API. The codebase was super messy, it did not have any tests, did not have any linters or sniffers, and it did not have any CI because I didn't know about any of this at that time. I am not sure how but one kind soul somehow found the project, forked it, refactored it, "modernized" it, added linting, code sniffing, added CI and opened the pull request. This one pull request taught me so many things that I might have never learned that fast on my own because I was still in college, working for a small service-based company and doing just small websites all on my own without knowing what is right and what is not. This one PR on GitHub was my introduction to open-source and I owe everything to that.
-- Avoid what is known as ["Somebody Else's Problem Field"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem) behavior.
-- When given a problem to solve, try to identify the root cause and fix that instead of fixing the symptoms. And remember, not being able to reproduce means not solved. It is solved when you understand why it occurred and why it no longer does.
-- Have respect for the code that was written before you. Be generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. Understand that code is often ugly and weird for a reason other than incompetence. Learning to live with and thrive with legacy code is a great skill. Never assume anybody is stupid. Instead, figure out how these intelligent, well-intentioned and experienced people have come to a decision that is stupid now. Approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one.
-- It's okay to not know things. You don't need to be ashamed of not knowing things already. There are no stupid questions, ask however many questions that would allow you to work effectively.
-- Don't let yourself be limited by the job title that you have. Keep working on your self-improvement.
-- Do your homework. Predict what’s coming down the pipe. Be involved in the team discussions. Even if you are wrong, you will learn something.
-- Learn about the domain that you are working with. Understand the product end-to-end as an end-user. Do not assume things, ask questions and get things cleared when in doubt.
-- Learn to communicate effectively - soft skills matter. Learn how to write good emails, how to present your work, how to phrase your questions in a thoughtful manner.
-- Sit with the senior developers, watch them work, find a mentor. No one likes a know-it-all. Get hold of your ego and be humble enough to take lessons from experienced people.
-- Don't just blindly follow the advice of "experts", take it with a grain of salt.
-- If you are asked to provide an estimate for some work, do not give an answer unless you have all the details to make a reasonable estimate. If you are forced to do that, pad it 2x or more depending on how much you don't know about what needs to be done for the task to be marked 'done'.
-- Take some time to learn how to use a debugger. Debuggers are quite beneficial when navigating new, undocumented or poorly documented codebase, or to debug weird issues.
-- Avoid saying "it works on my machine" -- yes, I have heard that a lot.
-- Try to turn any feelings of inadequacy or imposter syndrome into energy to push yourself forward and increase your skills and knowledge.
+* All sorts of problems can be solved if you work on them long enough. Do not give up if Stack Overflow or an issue on GitHub doesn't have an answer. Saying "I am stuck, but I have tried X, Y, and Z. Do you have any pointers?" to your lead is much better than saying "This is beyond me."
+* Read a lot of code, not just code in the projects that you are working on, but reference/framework source code, open-source. Ask your fellow developers, perhaps on Reddit too, about the good open-source examples for the language/tools of your choice. 
+* Do personal side-projects, share them with people, contribute to the open-source community. Reach out to people for help. You will be surprised how much support you can get from the community. I still remember my first open-source project on GitHub from around 6 years ago which was a small PHP script (a library) that fetched details for a given address from Google's Geocoding API. The codebase was super messy, it did not have any tests, did not have any linters or sniffers, and it did not have any CI because I didn't know about any of this at that time. I am not sure how but one kind soul somehow found the project, forked it, refactored it, "modernized" it, added linting, code sniffing, added CI and opened the pull request. This one pull request taught me so many things that I might have never learned that fast on my own because I was still in college, working for a small service-based company and doing just small websites all on my own without knowing what is right and what is not. This one PR on GitHub was my introduction to open-source and I owe everything to that. 
+* Avoid what is known as ["Somebody Else's Problem Field"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_else%27s_problem) behavior. 
+* When given a problem to solve, try to identify the root cause and fix that instead of fixing the symptoms. And remember, not being able to reproduce means not solved. It is solved when you understand why it occurred and why it no longer does.
+* Have respect for the code that was written before you. Be generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. Understand that code is often ugly and weird for a reason other than incompetence. Learning to live with and thrive with legacy code is a great skill. Never assume anybody is stupid. Instead, figure out how these intelligent, well-intentioned and experienced people have come to a decision that is stupid now. Approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one.
+* It's okay to not know things. You don't need to be ashamed of not knowing things already. There are no stupid questions, ask however many questions that would allow you to work effectively.
+* Don't let yourself be limited by the job title that you have. Keep working on your self-improvement.
+* Do your homework. Predict what’s coming down the pipe. Be involved in the team discussions. Even if you are wrong, you will learn something.
+* Learn about the domain that you are working with. Understand the product end-to-end as an end-user. Do not assume things, ask questions and get things cleared when in doubt.
+* Learn to communicate effectively - soft skills matter. Learn how to write good emails, how to present your work, how to phrase your questions in a thoughtful manner.
+* Sit with the senior developers, watch them work, find a mentor. No one likes a know-it-all. Get hold of your ego and be humble enough to take lessons from experienced people.
+* Don't just blindly follow the advice of "experts", take it with a grain of salt.
+* If you are asked to provide an estimate for some work, do not give an answer unless you have all the details to make a reasonable estimate. If you are forced to do that, pad it 2x or more depending on how much you don't know about what needs to be done for the task to be marked 'done'.
+* Take some time to learn how to use a debugger. Debuggers are quite beneficial when navigating new, undocumented or poorly documented codebase, or to debug weird issues. 
+* Avoid saying "it works on my machine" -- yes, I have heard that a lot.
+* Try to turn any feelings of inadequacy or imposter syndrome into energy to push yourself forward and increase your skills and knowledge.
 
 ### Mid Level Developers
-
 The next level after the Junior developers is Mid Level developers. They are technically stronger than the Junior developers and can work with minimal supervision. They still have some issues to address in order to jump to Senior level.
 
 Intermediate developers are more competent than the Junior developer. They start to see the flaws in their old codebase. They gain the knowledge but they get trapped into the next chain i.e. messing things up while trying to do them "the right way" e.g. hasty abstractions, overuse or unnecessary usage of Design Patterns -- they may be able to provide solution faster than the Junior developers but the solution might put you into another rabbit-hole in the long run. Without supervision, they might delay the execution while trying to "do things properly". They don't know when to make tradeoffs and they still don't know when to be dogmatic and when to be pragmatic. They can easily become attached to their solution, become myopic, and be unable to take feedback.
@@ -73,23 +51,21 @@ Intermediate developers are more competent than the Junior developer. They start
 Mid-level developers are quite common. Most of the organizations wrongly label them as "Senior Developers". However, they need further mentoring in order to become Senior Developers. The next section describes the responsibilities of a senior developer and how you can become one.
 
 ### Senior Developers
-
 Senior developers are the next level after the Mid-level developers. They are the people who can get things done on their own without any supervision and without creating any issues down the road. They are more mature, have gained experience by delivering both good and bad software in the past and have learned from it — they know how to be pragmatic. Here is the list of things that are normally expected of a Senior Developer:
 
-- With their past experiences, mistakes made, issues faced by over-designed or under-designed software, they can foresee the problems and persuade the direction of the codebase or the architecture.
-- They don't have a "Shiny-Toy" syndrome. They are pragmatic in the execution. They can make the tradeoffs when required, and they know why. They know where to be dogmatic and where to be pragmatic.
-- They have a good picture of the field, know what the best tool for the job is in most cases (even if they don't know the tool). They have the innate ability to pick up a new tool/language/paradigm/etc in order to solve a problem that requires it.
-- They are aware they're on a team. They view it as a part of their responsibility to mentor others. This can range from pair programming with junior devs to taking un-glorious tasks of writing docs or tests or whatever else needs to be done.
-- They have a deep understanding of the domain - they know about the business side of the company and realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and benefit from their knowledge of the business domain during the development.
-- They don't make empty complaints, they make judgments based on the empirical evidence and they have suggestions for solutions.
-- They think much more than just code - they know that their job is to provide solutions to the problems and not just to write code.
-- They have the ability to take on large ill-defined problems, define them, break them up, and execute the pieces. A senior developer can take something big and abstract, and run with it. They will come up with a few options, discuss them with the team and implement them.
-- They have respect for the code that was written before them. They are generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. They approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one.
-- They know how to give feedback without hurting anyone.
+* With their past experiences, mistakes made, issues faced by over-designed or under-designed software, they can foresee the problems and persuade the direction of the codebase or the architecture. 
+* They don't have a "Shiny-Toy" syndrome. They are pragmatic in the execution. They can make the tradeoffs when required, and they know why. They know where to be dogmatic and where to be pragmatic.
+* They have a good picture of the field, know what the best tool for the job is in most cases (even if they don't know the tool). They have the innate ability to pick up a new tool/language/paradigm/etc in order to solve a problem that requires it.
+* They are aware they're on a team. They view it as a part of their responsibility to mentor others. This can range from pair programming with junior devs to taking un-glorious tasks of writing docs or tests or whatever else needs to be done.
+* They have a deep understanding of the domain - they know about the business side of the company and realize how management/sales/marketing/etc think and benefit from their knowledge of the business domain during the development.
+* They don't make empty complaints, they make judgments based on the empirical evidence and they have suggestions for solutions.
+* They think much more than just code - they know that their job is to provide solutions to the problems and not just to write code.
+* They have the ability to take on large ill-defined problems, define them, break them up, and execute the pieces. A senior developer can take something big and abstract, and run with it. They will come up with a few options, discuss them with the team and implement them.
+* They have respect for the code that was written before them. They are generous when passing judgment on the architecture or the design decisions made in the codebase. They approach inheriting legacy code with an "opportunity mindset" rather than a complaining one.
+* They know how to give feedback without hurting anyone.
 
 ### Conclusion
-
-All teams are made up of a mix of all these seniority roles. Being content with your role is a bad thing and you should always strive to improve yourself for the next step. This article is based on my beliefs and observations in the industry. Lots of companies care more for the years of experience to decide the seniority which is a crappy metric -- you don't gain experience just by spending years. You gain it by continuously solving different sorts of problems, irrespective of the number of years you spend in the industry. I have seen fresh graduates having no industry experience get up to speed quickly and producing work of a Senior Engineer and I have seen Senior developers labeled "senior" merely because of their age and "years of experience".
+All teams are made up of a mix of all these seniority roles. Being content with your role is a bad thing and you should always strive to improve yourself for the next step. This article is based on my beliefs and observations in the industry. Lots of companies care more for the years of experience to decide the seniority which is a crappy metric -- you don't gain experience just by spending years. You gain it by continuously solving different sorts of problems, irrespective of the number of years you spend in the industry. I have seen fresh graduates having no industry experience get up to speed quickly and producing work of a Senior Engineer and I have seen Senior developers labeled "senior" merely because of their age and "years of experience". 
 
 The most important traits that you need to have in order to step up in your career are: not settling with mediocrity, having an open mindset, being humble, learning from your mistakes, working on the challenging problems and having an opportunity mindset rather than a complaining one.
 

content/guides/oauth.md

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+[![](/guides/oauth.png)](/guides/oauth.png)
+

content/guides/project-history.md

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+One of my favorite pastimes is going through the history of my favorite projects to learn how they grew over time or how certain features were implemented.
+
+The image below describes how I do that in WebStorm.
+
+[![](/guides/project-history.png)](/guides/project-history.png)

content/guides/proxy-servers.md

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+Internet has connected people across the world using social media and audio/video calling features along with providing an overabundance of knowledge and tools. All this comes with an inherent danger of security and privacy breaches. In this guide we will talk about **proxies** which play a vital role in mitigating these risks. We will cover the following topics in this guide:    
+
+- [Proxy Server](#proxy-server)
+- [Forward Proxy Server](#forward-proxy-server)
+- [Reverse Proxy Server](#reverse-proxy-server)
+- [Summary](#summary)
+
+## Proxy Server  
+
+***Every web request which is sent from the client to a web server goes through some type of proxy server.*** A proxy server acts as a gateway between client *(you)* and the internet and  separates end-users from the websites you browse. It replaces the source IP address of the web request with the proxy server's IP address and then forwards it to the web server. The web server is unaware of the client, it only sees the proxy server.    
+
+![Proxy Server Description](/guides/proxy/proxy-example.png)    
+> NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration.    
+
+Proxy servers serve as a single point of control making it easier to enforce security policies. It also provides caching mechanism which stores the requested web pages on the proxy server to improve performance. If the requested web-page is available in cache memory then instead of forwarding the request to the web-server it will send the cached webpage back to the client. This **saves big companies thousands of dollars** by reducing load on their servers as their website is visited by millions of users every day.
+     
+## Forward Proxy Server    
+
+A forward proxy is generally implemented on the client side and **sits in front of multiple clients** or client sources. Forward proxy servers are mainly used by companies to **manage internet usage** of their employees and **restrict content**. It is also used as a **firewall** to secure company's network by blocking any request which would pose threat to the companies's network. Proxy servers are also used to **bypass geo-restriction** and browse content which might be blocked in user's country. It enables users to **browse anonymously**, as the proxy server masks their details from the website's servers. 
+
+![Forward Proxy Description](/guides/proxy/forward-proxy.png)    
+> NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration
+
+## Reverse Proxy Server    
+
+Reverse proxy servers are implemented on the **server side** instead of the client side. It **sits in front of multiple webservers** and manages the incoming requests by forwarding them to the web servers. It provides anonymity for the **back-end web servers and not the client**. Reverse proxy servers are generally used to perform tasks such as **authentication, content caching, and encryption/decryption** on behalf of the web server. These tasks would **hog CPU cycles** on the web server and degrade performance of the website by introducing high amount of delay in loading the webpage. Reverse proxies are also used as **load balancers** to distribute the incoming traffic efficiently among the web servers but it is **not optimized** for this task. In essence, reverse proxy server is a gateway to a web-server or group of web-servers. 
+
+![Reverse Proxy Description](/guides/proxy/reverse-proxy.png)    
+> NOTE: This is not an accurate description rather just an illustration. Red lines represent server's response and black lines represent initial request from client(s).    
+
+## Summary   
+
+A proxy server acts as a gateway between client *(you)* and the internet and  separates end-users from the websites you browse. ***The position of the proxy server on the network determines whether it is a forward or a reverse proxy server***.    Forward proxy is implemented on the client side and **sits in front of multiple clients** or client sources and forwards requests to the web server. Reverse proxy servers are implemented on the **server side** it **sits in front of multiple webservers** and manages the incoming requests by forwarding them to the web servers. 
+
+If all this was too much to take in, I have a simple analogy for you.    
+
+At a restaurant the waiter/waitress takes your order and gives it to the kitchen head chef. The head chef then calls out the order and assigns tasks to everyone in the kitchen.    
+
+In this analogy: 
+
+* You are the client
+* Your order is the web request
+* Waiter/Waitress is your forward proxy server
+* Kitchen head chef is the reverse proxy server
+* Other chefs working in the kitchen are the web servers
+
+With that said our guide comes to an end. Thank you for reading and feel free to submit any updates to the guide using the links below.

content/guides/random-numbers.md

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+Random numbers are everywhere from computer games to lottery systems, graphics software, statistical sampling, computer simulation and cryptography. Graphic below is a quick explanation to how the random numbers are generated and why they may not be truly random. 
+
+[![](/guides/random-numbers.png)](/guides/random-numbers.png)
+

content/guides/scaling-databases.md

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+The chart below aims to give you a really basic understanding of how the capability of a DBMS is increased to handle a growing amount of load.
+
+[![](/guides/scaling-databases.svg)](/guides/scaling-databases.svg)
+

content/guides/session-authentication.md

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+[![](/guides/session-authentication.png)](/guides/session-authentication.png)
+